How E.E. Cummings uses form in his poems Essay

Form is an integral part of poetry. The ferment white plagued by E. E. cummings is quite unique, and is divers(prenominal) in each of his poetrys. His poems, nobody loses both the quantify, compassionateness this busy monster,manunkind, and r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r illustrate this fact.The poem, nobody loses all the time is a dev come in representation of Cummings work, written in no traditional form. It is 37 bloodlines long, divided into six stanzas of six lines each, and one(a) line standing only if if at the end. This poem is unique in that it does not contain any(prenominal) punctuation other than apostrophes and p bentheses. Cummings does not follow the traditional usage of capitalizing the first word of each line, either. In fact, the capitalization in this poem is quite unusual. Cummings does not have sentences, since in that respect is no punctuation, so almost all of the words atomic number 18 written in lower-case. He does not even capitalize the word I. He ca pitalizes only the priggish nouns Uncle Sol, Victor Victrola, Missouri and McCann, as well as the words in line five, He Was a Diver on Xmas Eve like Hell Itself.Written in open form, this poem has a precise conversational tone. The lines vary in length, showing no pattern, and there is no consistent meter. The number of accents and syllables per line varies throughout the poem as well, and all of this poems lines ar enjambed except the last. Another interesting diagnostic of this poem is that it contains no clear caesurae, or pauses within a line, as it lacks punctuation. The reader can only estimate where caesurae should be. Finally, the poem has no hoarfrost scheme, or poesy of any kind. These characteristics all aid in vainglorious this poem its conversational tone, and makes it very different from his poem, pity this busy monster,manunkind. conflicting the previous poem, pity this busy monster,manunkind is written in a very specific form. It is fourteen lines long, and written in blank verse iambic pentameter with no end rhyme. This particular poem has no internal rhyme in it, either. Like others written in blank verse, this poem contains what ar called verse paragraphs. These argon stanzas containing varying numbers of lines. In this poem, there argon seven of these verse paragraphs, with one, devil, three, two, one, three, and two lines, respectively. Cummings does manage to stray close to away from the restrictions of iambic pentameter by using metrical substitution.Throughout the poem, a handful of trochees, as well as pyrrhics, can be found. In another digression from tradition, this poem does not have capitalization at the beginning of each line, only at the beginning of each sentence. On a similar note, only two of the poems linestwo and fourteenare end-stopped. This makes for many other pauses, found within the lines of the poem. Caesurae are present in lines one, two, six, eight, nine, ten, twelve, thirteen, and fourteen. Overall , for E. E. Cummings, this poem is very structuredunlike near others he has written.The poem r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r is unique, to narrate the least. Seen written on a flip-flop of paper, this poem looks like a hand in a feel game. Comparing this poem to most other poetry is like comparing a Pablo Picasso painting to a Leonardo da Vinci. This poem is in no way written in any traditional form. It is serene of fifteen lines, and has only one stanza. The fifteen lines of this poem are indented in eight different ways, with no apparent pattern of indentation. Spacing amongst words within the lines also varies throughout the poem. Those words, are barely exculpated at first glance, and with namemingly haphazard placement of punctuation and use of capitalization, this poem can be easily mistaken for a hollow jumble of characters. It has no meter and it has no rhyme.One might say that this poem must not be a poem at all, but through careful scrutiny, a reader can see that this jumb le of letter and symbols does, in fact say something. This poem revolves around the letters in its title r, p, o, p, h, e, s, s, a, g and r. These letters are seen unneurotic four times throughout the poem, only arranged in different orders and with different capitalization. By the last line of the poem, and the fourth time the letters appear, they spell the word grasshopper. The third time the letters appear, they are target up so that every other letter is capitalized, with the lower-case letters world the first six of the word, and the capitals being the last five (gRrEaPsPhOs). The second time the letters appear, they are written as PPEGORHRASS, not significantly neutered from the original r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r. The other words of the poem are a get down as well. Only the words who and to are written as mere(a) as they are written here. In line three, the words as, we, and look, are written as a ) sw (e loo )k. In line four, the words up and this instant can be drawn out of upnowgath.Two other words, become and a word that Cummings himself probably invented, rearrangingly, are intertwined as rea(be)rran(com)gi(e)ngly in line fourteen. Within the parentheses are fragments of one word, and outside of the parentheses are fragments of the other. All of the other words of this poem are split up between two or more lines. Altogether, there are fifteen to sixteen words in this poem, and there are a number of different conclusions that can be drawn from the form they take. One conclusion could be that the poem reads, r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r who as we look up, now gathering into PPEGORHRASS, he leaps, arriving at gRrEaPsPhOs, to rearrangingly become grasshopper. Another conclusion could be that E. E. Cummings used form in a way that only he could ever duplicate.Form, in many different varieties, is found in all poetry. E. E. Cummings poetry, though often atypical, and sometimes downright peculiar, is a perfect example of that.

Human Resource Planning Essay

Definition humane picks plan is defined as the attend of assessing an organizations serviceman imaginativenesss inevitably in the light of organizational goals and changing condition and making plans to moderate that a competent, stable workforce is employed. The actual prep bedness bear on go forth vary a great deal from organization to organizationAs defined by Bulla and Scott (1994), human resource intend is the operation for ensuring that the human resource requirements of an organization are identified and plans are make for satisfying those requirements. Reilly (2003) defined workforce preparation as A process in which an organization attempts to estimate the demand for labour and evaluate the size, constitution and sources of supply which exit be required to meet the demand. forgiving resource planning includes creating an employer brand, retention strategy, absence circumspection strategy, flexibility strategy, talent caution strategy, recruitment, and select ion strategy.However, James Walker pointed out that for some companies, human resources planning is essentially management succession and maturation planning.For others it is the staffing process which includes predict and planning for recruitment, deployment, development and attrition of talent in relation to changing conveys. Increasingly, however, it is a broader process addressing multiple levels for increasing organization effectiveness on the management of Human Resources. According to Walker, effective human resources planning is a process of analyzing an organization human resources postulate under changing condition and development of the activities necessary to satisfy those quests.Walker sees human resources planning as twain step processes, planning as they pertain to all aspects of personnel management. This will include for example planning with respect to desired organizational temper and development of staff reward and appraisal system appropriate to brief ra nge and long range organizational goals. This implies that help must be proactive and as well as reactive.Pattern states that Human Resource cooking is the process by which a substantial sees that it has the right offspring of people and the right kind of people in the right redact at the right period doing things for which they economically most useful.Fayana (2002) emphasized that human resource planning deals with the systematic and continuing process of analyzing a firms human resources needs under mutating conditions and developing workforce policies capable to the long effectiveness of the organization. It is a vital part of corporate planning and budgeting procedure since human resources costs and forecasting both effect and are affected by long-term corporate plans.Need and Importance of HRPHuman resource Planning translates the organization objectives and plans into the number of workers needed to meet these objectives. The need and importance of HRP is as followsHR P helps in determining the future hands requirements and avoids fusss analogous over staffing or understaffing in the organization. HRP helps in tackling with the factors worry competition, technology, government policies etcetera that generates changes in the job content, skill requirements and number and types of personnel required. Now a days there is a demand of exceptional intellectual skills plot of ground the existing staff becomes redundant, the HR manager has to attract and retain certifiable and arch(prenominal) personnel and also required to deal with issues like life development, succession planning for which he takes the help of HRP.A proper and veridical human resource plan is needed to ensure equal participation and promotional appointments to the candidates for weaker sections, physically handicapped and socially and politically oppressed citizens. HRP provides expensive and timely info for various designing and execution of personnel functions like recr uitment, selection, transfers, promotions, layoffs, training and development and performance appraisal. It helps the organization to anticipate imbalance in human resources, which in turn will facilitate reduction in personal costs. HRP facilitates planning for future needs which will help in better planning of assignments to develop managers and to ensure the organization has a tranquillise supply of experienced and skilled employees.Factors Affecting Human Resource PlanningHRP is a dynamic and ongoing process. The process of updating is not actually simple, since HRP is influenced by many factors, which are as follows1. The type of organization determines the action process and number and type of staff needed.2. The human resource needs of an organization depend on the strategic plan adopted by it. For e.g. the growth of a business calls for hiring of additional labor, while mergers will need a plan for layoffs.3. Organization operates under different political, social environ s and has to carefully formulate the HR policies and so the HR manager has to spring up suitable mechanism to deal with uncertainties through career developments, succession planning, hideaway schemes etc.4. HRP also depends on the time periods and accordingly the short and long-term plans are adopted. And this time span is based on the degree of environmental uncertainties.5. The type and quality of information used in making forecasting is an important factor influencing HRP. Accurate and timely human resource information system helps in getting better quality personnel.6. HRP is required to ensure that suitable candidates should be appointed at the right kind of job. Limitations of Human Resource Planninga. It is very difficult to ascertain future manpower requirements of an organization, as future is always uncertain.b. It is more relevant to the countries that face the problem of scarcity of human resources.c. It is a time consuming and costlier process.d. It is beneficial in the organizations that adopt a professional approach and at the same time are conscious about the changing environment.e. HRP is beneficial where adequate skilled manpower is available.f. HRP is also made difficult in the organizations that have a very high labor turnover.

Adoption is a Family Affair!

Joyce Maguire Pavao, the germ of The Family of Adoption has been successful in capturing the content of adoption, the ch allenges it brings as well as the necessities that would help in handling these challenges. world an adopted child herself, she has a great understanding of the challenges and needinesss, not provided of the adopted child, exclusively the foster parent and birth parent as well.The adjudge has a more practical and realistic feel since the reason leave behindingly lotd her own experiences as an adopted child. One trace of the book that should be noted is the way the author categorized the unharmed book. Covering the essentials not limited to the adopted child alone.The author similarly generously shared insights nigh the needs of the birth and foster parent. It is in truth important to realize the rationale behind her principle that the whole adjoin of adoption does not only accept the adopted child only when the other individual surrounding her as well. Her book has admirably captured and discussed this principle.In the book, the author well discussed the mathematical processes that the birth parent and the surrogate parents. This part recognizes the fact that take down the parents (birth and adoptive) whitethorn go by the process of grief and experiences dilemmas as well.In absorb with this, the book give tongue to that the parents (birth and adoptive) may also need to go by the process of healing. To further streng hence this fact, the author mentioned that there is a need for the adoptive parent to undergo counseling since this will help the adoptive parent to better understand and dedicate a healthy kind with the adoptive child.The book mentioned that an adopted child may go through developmental stages such us feelings of loss, experiencing problems in school and the wanting to know round their past. The author mentioned that the adopted child have every righteousness to know as much about(predicate) his or her past.The adoptive parents should be open to this fact. Apart from this, the author was able to clarify the varied challenges and developmental stages that the adopted child goes thru. She said that these are normal. They may be challenging, but they are a normal process that the adopted child goes thru.In the book, it is stated that adoption is not about determination children for families, but about finding families for children. The items discussed in the book are somehow a reminder that the outflank interest of the adopted child should unendingly be the priority of the parents. In the first part of Chapter 1, the author said that There have always been mothers and fathers who have not been able to, or not chosen to, or not been allowed to, parent their children This is a sad fact that Joyce Maguire Pavao has beautifully pose into proper perspective.The birth parents have had their share of criticism from many because they gave up their child. But it is important to re member that the birth parents have reasons as to wherefore they chose to give up their child for adoption. Birth parents need the same understanding, perhaps, as that of the adopted child.This book presented us with the reality that adoption is a allegiance more than anything else. It is a process that needs the cooperation of both the birth and adoptive family of the child.Openness of both families is essential to the growth and better development of the child. It is important to comport that the adopted child will go thru confusing stages that may picture to be a challenge for the parents.But because of the commitment that the parents choose to make, these challenges, when faced properly, may prove to be the cause of a better relationship with the child. art object the family (parents and child) are going through the different challenges that the process of adoption brought about, it is critical for the parents to remind themselves that the best interest of the child should always be the primary(prenominal) concern.A lot of community have different opinion with regards to adoption. approximately may even have negative notions about it. Apart from the usual challenges that an adoptive parent may face while going through the process of adoption, the opinions and receptions of the throng around them is another thing that they would need to deal with.It is not enough that the adoptive couple alone understand and is happy about adopting. It is vital that they have the support and understanding of the people they care about.The book Adoption is a Family Affair is perfect for the families and friends of the adoptive couple. Patricia Irwin covered the different areas that families of the adoptive parents should know about. Areas such as who hindquarters adopt, reasons behind the finale of adopting, kids understanding adopting and much more.She made the whole adoption process something that can be and should be shared amongst family members and even clos e friends. This book is a helping hand to the families and close friends of the adoptive couple, for them to better grasp then reality of and better understand the decision made by their love one.Patricia Irwin herself is an adoptive parent, given this, she may as well have experience the confusions of her family and friends about her decision to adopt. She has a clearer understanding of the need for the people who the adoptive couple cares about to know as much fact as possible with regards to adoption.It is important that the author pictured in the very reservoir of her book that there can be a negative reaction from the people the adoptive parents care most about when the couple make up ones minds to share the information of adoption to them. Like most of us, of course we would love for it for the people we equally love to feel the happiness and excitement we feel when we decide to adopt. And as the author clearly illustrated, this is not always the case.The book acknowledges sound fears and concerns of the families and friends of the adoptive parents. Some of the valid concerns that the author discussed were the permanence of adoption, whether the child will be different from them or will not fit, the racial difference, should grandparents include the adopted child in their will, how can the family have deeper bonds with the child, etc.These are all valid concerns and important. In fact, the adoptive couple may have plan about all these things themselves.Patricia Irwin was great in giving solutions or suggestions on how to deal with these fears and concerns. Some of her solutions were as simple as the family members spending clock time with the child to create a deeper bond, giving assurance to the family members that adoption is permanent, and the like.One arouse part of the book is where the author gave examples of the possibly irritating comments given by friends and relatives of adoptive couples upon knowing of the couples decision to adopt. The se comments show how uninformed some people are about adoption. It illustrates how some people, no matter how closely associate they may be to the adoptive couple, can be insensitive about the whole adoption process.There were financial related comments where it appears as if the child is psyche the adoptive couple picks from a shelf display of children and pays for it at the counter. Some comments were just downright insensitive and would not be expected to have come from well educated individuals.Of course, we cannot expect everyone to be knowledgeable about adoption. As the book illustrated, the families and relatives of the adoptive couple may be composite and misinformed about adoption.This book has truly been informative and is useful for the family and friends of the adoptive couple. It evidently made clear the issues that the adoptive couples may go through in connection with the possible reactions, confusions and hesitations of the people around them who they wish to be a part of the adoption process.Reference ListPavao JM. The Family of Adoption. Boston Beacon Press 2004Johnston PI. Adoption is a Family Affair. Indianapolis Perspective Press

Organizational Behavior: Personality and Values Essay

In todays modern parliamentary procedure, personality and look on play a specific role in the stability of an organization. Today, diversity is the key to the success of or so organizations. However, diversity goes beyond me confide race, religion, color, topic origin, gender, age, and disability. The diversity of nature and the grip of the variety of talents and skills of our co- springers will go far in helping us make our lives less stressful. The man resource department and hiring managers need to cipher psycheality and assess when they hire in the buff employees. It is also strategic that they render and appreciate the different personality and values of their current employees.Personality and counterbalanceIn todays competitive market it has become extremely all-important(a) to hire the regenerate battalion to help execute the charge and vision of a society. The employee helps bring the slogan on the wall(a) into globe in that respectfore, it is impo rtant that employees display the right personality and values the caller- fall out would standardised to show the world. Gordon Allport produced the exposition of personality we approximately frequently use roughly 70 days ago. Allport said personality is the dynamic organization indoors the item-by-item of those psychophysical arrangements that determine his unique adjustments to his environment (Robbins & adenine Judge, 2013, p. 133). However, the definition has been tweaked e rattlingwhere the years. For the purpose of this paper, personality is defined as the sum total of ship counseling in which an soulfulness re exercises and interacts with unioniseer(a)s. The most important reason managers need to endure how to measure personality is that wait has shown personality tests ar useful in hiring decisions and help managers forecast who is best for a cheat (Robbins & antiophthalmic factor Judge, 2013, p. 133). value atomic number 18 an separate bea where compa nies need to hold in the employees and managers atomic number 18 on the same page.When values argon divided, problems with the organization closely follow. value epitomise basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of reality is personally or socially p contact fit to an opposite or discourse mode of conduct or end-state representence. They contain a judgmental chemical element in that they carry an individuals ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. determine hold both content and intensity attri thates. The content attribute says a mode of conduct or end-state of existence is important. The intensity attribute specifies how important it is. When we ran an individuals values in terms of their intensity, we obtain that persons value system (Robbins & antiophthalmic factor Judge, 2013, p. 144). When a political party claims the personality of their employees and the value system of the owners and shargonh ageds the alliance had now developed a fraternity personality.Personality Traits hatfuls very much(prenominal) use personality assessments to understand how the heap that travel in their organization interact. Two popular frame works for indentifying and classifying traits ar the Myers-Briggs Type index and the Big Five Model. harmonize to Robins and Judge, the Myers-Briggs Type index number is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. It is a 100-question personality test that asks plurality how they usually feel or act in particular situations. Respondents ar classified as extrospective or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P). These terms argon defined as follows * outgoing (E) versus Introverted (I). Extraverted individuals ar outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. * Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N). Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on de tails. Intuitive imprecate on unconscious wreakes and look at the big picture.* Thinking (T) versus sentiment (F). Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. * Judging (J) versus perceiving (P). Judging types want guilelessness and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and intuitive (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 56) These classifications in concert describe 16 personality types, indentifying every person by iodine trait from each of the 4 parts. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator has been widely used by organizations including Apple Computer, AT&T, Citigroup, GE, 3M Co., many another(prenominal) hospitals and educational institutions, and even the U.S. Armed Forces (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 135).The Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator whitethorn privation strong supporting evidence, but an impressive body of investigate supports the thesis of the Big Five Mod el that five basic attributes be all others and encompass most of the momentous variation in human personality. muchover, test scores of these traits do a very good job of predicting how people be con open in a variety of real-life situations (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 136). The pastime are the Big Five factors * Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our comfort aim with relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timed and quiet. * Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an individuals propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.* Conscientiousness. The painstakingness dimension is a measure of reliability. A gameyly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are slowly distracted, disorgani zed, and unreliable. * Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension practically labeled by its converse, neuroticism taps a persons ability to dare stress. People with domineering emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with superior detrimental scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. * Openness to make love. The openness to experience dimension consultationes range of wagers and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are received and find comfort in the familiar (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 136).Generational ValuesValues within a person are often times mold by what generation and life events they whitethorn progress to experienced during their ground levelative years. Researchers have integrated several new-made analyses of work values into four groups that attempt to capture the unique vales of different c ohorts or generations in the unite States workforce (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 145). There are just rough limitations to this theory because a person born in one generation dismiss have the characteristic of another generation. Just because you are born on a certain date, does not automatically make you have the same values as everyone in your own generation. Despite these limitations, values do miscellanea over generations, and we stack gain both(prenominal) useful insights from analyzing values this way.Boomers (Baby Boomers) are a magnanimous cohort born by and by World contend II when United States veterans returned to their families and times were good. Boomers entered the workforce from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s. They brought with them a large measure of the hippy ethic and distrust of authority. But they set(p) a great deal of emphasis on achievement and stuff and non wizard success. Pragmatists who recollect ends justify means they work hard and want to enchant the fruits of their labors. Boomers see the organizations that employ them merely as vehicles for their life historys. In terms of seniority, sis boomers make up the bulk of the employees in most large corporations, so it is imperative that co-workers understand the values of the person sitting or stand next to them. Terminal values such(prenominal) as a sense of accomplishments and social recognition rank high with them (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 146).The lives of Xers (Generation Xers) have been cause by globoseization, two-career parents, MTV, AIDS, and computers. Xers value flexibility, life options, and the achievement of job satisfaction. Family and relationships are very important. Xers are skeptical, particularly of authority. They also esteem squad-oriented work. In search of repose in their lives, Xers are less willing to make personal sacrifices for the involvement of their employer than previous generations were. Generation Xers rate high on true friendship, happiness, and pleasure.The most recent entrants to the workforce, the millennials (also called Netters, Nexters, Generation Yers, and Generation Nexters) grew up during prosperous times. They have high enquireations and seek meaning in their work. Millennial have life goals to a greater extent oriented toward becoming rich (81 percent) and famous (51 percent) than do Generation Xers (62 percent) and 29 percent, respectively, but they also see themselves as socially responsible (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 146). They are to a greater extent ethnically and racially diverse than older adults. Theyre less religious, less liable(predicate) to have served in the military, and are on track to become the most educated generation in American history.They embrace multiple modes of self-expression. Three-quarters have created a profile on a social networking site. One-in-five have posted a video of themselves online. Nearly four-in-ten have a tat in any case (and for most wh o do, one is not enough active half of those with tattoos have two to five and 18% have half dozen or more). Nearly one-in-four have a piercing in any(prenominal) place other than an earlobe- about six times the share of older adults whove done this. But their look-at-me tendencies are not without limits. Most Millennials have heady privacy boundaries on their social media profiles and 70% say their tattoos are concealed beneath clothing (Millennial, 2010).Policy on EthicsOften times the value system of a partnership can clearly be seen with the companys estimable scratch. Chrysler actually posts a code of honourable motive brochure on their website to ensure all employees and customers know their value system. harmonize to the website, Chrysler expects all of its employees to contribute to a cooperative working environment in which the dignity of each individual is respected. The conduct of centering force out should set an example to promote positive employee morale and the open exchange of ideas. Chrysler is connected to high ethical standards in dividing line transactions. Chrysler does not tolerate wrong or corrupt practices by its employees or its business partners. Chrysler strictly forbids sweet in or tolerating bribery or any other form of corruption. High standards require hard work, courage and often present trying choices. At times, choosing the proper course of action means foregoing business or personal opportunities.The integrity code, while not all-inclusive, reflects the basic standards of ethical behavior expected of Chrysler employees and should be read in conjunction with the company policies, guidelines, and standards of conduct that also apply to Chrysler employees (Integrity Code, 2009). Ineffective company ethical motive policies can also be a detriment to the companys public image, stature in the business community, and ultimately to their profitability. Many people assume that running a successful business often en tails a systematic approach, however the personality and values of employees of a company plays a crucial role in its success as hale. It is can be detrimental when executive decisions are not made and could result in them being extremely costly. For example, according to Academy of attention executives clean up be are former(prenominal)s difficult to attribute to any particular ethical motive failure. Consisting of such things as attorney and audit fees, investigative costsmedical actionsThe Enron scandal being the root example of a company destroyed due to simply unethical individuals. Not implementing ethical motive in any company will always fail in many way whether a small loss to an incomprehensible one (Schermerhorn & Dienhart, 2004). That is why it is imperative to ensure a code of morality as part of the system. The dynamics of decision making for any individual who is often faced with issues regarding ethics becomes far more complex than it sounds. Every company, in one way or another, are faced with difficulties of employees making decisions that sometime seem ethical or not. Not everyone can make such decisions. The downfall of those who lack the ability to make ethical decisions can be costly. A companys inability to reinforce ethics in their business can quickly become detrimental. One barely has to look at Enron, Arthur Anderson, and Worldcom to understand the catastrophic cause of having ineffective ethical policies and values (Thomas, Schermerhorn & Dienhart, 2004).Company ValuesIn regards to company values and ethics, Chick-fil-A has been in the news because of the words of their owner in regards to Christian values. His comments have caused the business world to examine the role of a business owners personal values and company values. At issue was the CEOs opinion of same sex marriage. The controversy came to a boil after an interview with the fast food restaurant chains death chair and COO Dan Cathy appeared in The Baptist Pr ess on July 16 and he weighed in with his views on family. We are very much supportive of the family the biblical definition of the family unit, Cathy said. We are a family-owned business, a family-led business, and we are married to our prime(prenominal) wives. We circulate God thanks for that. Proponents of same-sex marriage spread Cathys comments, eventually creating a firestorm of criticism on social media, including assertions that his comments and position were bigoted and hateful (Brumfield, 2012).InternshipsCorporations often demonstrate their values to customers by the way they treat their employees and the opportunities that are operable for citizens to become a part of the company. One way to quickly modernise in a company is to connect to their intern course of study. Chick-fil-A boasts about their internship program on their website. According to their corporate website, the purpose of the Chick-fil-A Internship Program is to stomach a high-caliber group of stud ents an opportunity to enhance their educational experience and improve their career preparation. A key objective of the intern experience is to help students and recent graduates understand and appreciate the vastness of building and maintaining strong work relationships in accomplishing results. We have designed the program to involve students in real work honks while also allowing them time to experience many aspects of the Chick-fil-A corporate culture. The heathen experience includes significant executive exposure and numerous tuition opportunities (Internship, n.d.).The Chrysler Corporation also has an intern program that is called the Chrysler leadership nurture program. The Chrysler Leadership knowledge (CLD) Program is a highly selective two-year program that develops leading by incorporating intensive on-the-job learning opportunities with supplemental development and interaction with our global business leaders. Youll have the guidance and support of Chrysler le adership passim your experience and opportunities to build on your talents through high-impact assignments. The program will provide you an accelerated opportunity to learn our business, executive mentor support, and an investment to deform your leadership abilities (Leadership Development Program, n.d.). As with most intern programs, the authorisation employee must(prenominal) meet minimum requirements. To be considered for the Program, you must meet the following(a) requirements * MBA/Masters degree with a minimum3.2 GPA* 2-6 years of professional business experience * Demonstrated leadership experience (Leadership Development Program, n.d.). According to Chic-fil-As website, the organization values diversity. What is diversity? According to the Civil Rights office of the Department of Interior, the term diversity is used in the main to refer to many demographic variables, including, but not limited to, race, religion, color, gender, national origin, disability, sexual pref erence, age, education, geographic origin, and skill characteristics. Americas diversity has inclined this country its unique strength, resilience and richness (Diversity, 2012).Diversity management makes everyone more aware of and sensitive to the involve and differences of others. Diversity is much more likely to be successful when we see it as everyones business than if we believe it helps only certain groups of employees. One method of enhancing workforce diversity is to intent recruiting meanings to specific demographic groups underrepresented in the work force. This means placing advertisement in publications geared toward specific demographic groups recruiting at colleges, universities, and other institutions with significant poetry of underrepresented minorities and forming partnerships with association like the Society for Women Engineers or the Graduate Minority affair Association (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 56).Values and EthicsOrganizational Development is an em erging profession, and its practitioners tend to describe themselves as professionals. However, individuals working in the field may vary greatly in respect to their degree of professionalism. By professionalism, we refer to the internalization of a value system that is a part of the concept of the profession. Whether a person can be deemed a professional is determined by the degree to which he or she has internalized certain values disposed(p) to the profession. Although there is some disagreement, four areas appear to be important. * Expertise. The professional requires some expertise. This includes specialized knowledge and skills that can be obtained only through prepare (usually through academic study and experience). * Autonomy. The professional claims autonomy. Professionals reserve the right to reconcile how their function is to be performed and to be free from restrictions. * Commitment. Professionals feel a loyalty to the discipline. They are more likely to identify w ith members of their profession in other organizations that with their own organization.* Code of ethics. Finally there is a responsibility to society for the maintenance of professional standards of work. They adhere to professional self-discipline and a code of ethics (Brown, 2011, p. 71). The values and ethics of prospective employees and the alignment of the values and ethics advocated by the company are important consideration when it comes to hiring practice considerations. If a companys hiring practices are ineffective, it can have detrimental effects to its bottom-line. According to a survey conducted by online payroll company SurePayroll, it found three out of four surveyed business owners admitted to hiring at least one employee they later wished they never had, and many indicated that the mistake resulted in a significant financial loss of more than $10,000 per bad hire, according to 12 percent of respondents (Eddy, 2009). Most companies react to hiring situations as emer gencies that might explain why so many do it so poorly. One Survey of fifty CEOs of global companies along with a pool of executive search consultants who rated about five hundred firms found the hiring practices for many of those companies are disturbingly vague.Part of the findings, according to the respondents, indicated to a heavily reliance on subjective personal preferences or on largely unquestioned organizational traditions, often based on imitation assumptions (Fernndez-Aroz, Groysberg & Nohria, 2009) It is therefore imperative to avoid making bad hiring decisions. As such, your hiring practices should have procedures that need to be followed to ensure the candidates being considered for employment are good matches. Procedures should contain effective methods for screening candidates during the pre-employment phase. close to of these methods should include accentuate checks or skills testing (Eddy, 2009). In order to avoid ineffective hiring practices companies shoul d consider seven steps within their hiring practices to cover the full recruitment spectrum to include anticipating the need for new hires, specifying the job, developing a pool of candidates, assessing the candidates, closing the deal, combine the newcomer, and reviewing the durability of the hiring process (Harvard Business, 2009).Continuous instruction and educational should be a part of everyones personal value system as intumesce as remaining as ethical as realizable. The best way to stay smart when facing ethical dilemmas is to remain current in your ethical training. In regards to ethics training a group of management researchers recommended the following actions for improving on-the-job ethics. * Behave ethically yourself. Managers are authorization role models whose habits and actual behavior send clear signals about the importance of ethical conduct. Ethical behavior is a top-to-bottom proposition. * Screen potential employees. Surprisingly, employers are generally lax when it comes to checking references, credentials, transcripts, and other information on applicant resumes. More diligent action in this area can screen out those given to fraud and misrepresentation. Integrity testing is fairly valid but is no panacea. * Develop a meaningful code of ethics.* Provide ethics training. Employees can be trained to identify and deal with ethical issues during orientation and through seminar, video, and internet training sessions. * Reinforce ethical behavior. Behavior that is reinforce tends to be repeated, whereas behavior that is not reinforced tends to disappear. Ethical conduct too often is ignored or even punished while unethical behavior is rewarded. * execute positions, units, and other structural mechanisms to deal with ethics. Ethics needs to be an everyday affair, not a one-time announcement of a new ethical code that gets filed away and forgotten. A growing number of large companies in the United States have chief ethics officers who re port right away to the CEO, thus making ethical conduct and accountability priority issues.* Create a climate in which whistle-blowing becomes unnecessary. Whistle-blowing occurs when an employee reports a perceive unethical and/or illegal activity to a third party such as government agencies, news media, or public interest groups (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2008). On May 15, 2002, President Bush signed into law the Notification and federal official Employee Anti-Discrimination and Retaliation (No FEAR) Act to increase federal agency accountability for acts of divergence or reprisal against employees. The No FEAR Act became effective on October 1, 2003. This act requires that federal agencies post on their public web sites certain summary statistical data relating to equal employment opportunity complaints filed against the respective agencies (State, n.d.). take in aggroupProject team up ups have two universal measures to satisfy the customer, and to dispense with on time, on bud get and within specification. The rationale for using teams is simple high performing teams save money and satisfy customers. Unfortunately, there is the other side of the coin poor performing teams cost money and scotch customers. In many cases, individuals are assigned to a cross functional team and attempt to jump right into work without first attempting to address the relationship of team members and the behavioral disposition of the individuals. If the behavioral aspects of the team are not understood, then the team can become mired in conflict and lose momentum which results in lost time and effectiveness. Behaviors that can require productivity include the inability to work together towards a common goal, fear of sharing ideas, fear of negative feedback, self interest driving actions, expectation that the team leader will solve all of the problems and assume all of the responsibility, confusion between individual tasks and relationships with other people, and lack of appro priate acknowledgement for accomplishments (Henkin, 2012).The other consideration in deciding to form teams is what size team should be put together. When it comes to the workplace, teamwork is increasingly widespread. Research indicates there is not a fixed or optimal number to have on a team. Professor Wittenberg, Director of the Wharton Graduate Leadership Program, notes that team size is not necessarily an issue people think about immediately, but it is important. According to Wittenberg, research on the optimal team poem is not conclusive. In the work world, Professor Wittenberg suggests that it has been reinforced that five or six is the right number (on a team) but it really depends on the task (KnowledgeWharton, 2006). The other dynamic that needs to be addressed relates to teams is how they resoluteness conflicts. strife management is a very important part of team dynamics. Choosing the right members for a group can help prevent some of these issues. One strategy involves designating a project manager, a strong individual that can competently take charge. The project manager must be experienced and understand how to deal with both the interpersonal as thoroughly as behavioural aspects of the teams. They must also understand the normative stages of development most all teams go though as they come together. The project manager must allow the team to communicate effectively, create rapport, serve conflict, lead team members, and motivate the whole team (Gountanis, n.d.).Team DevelopmentTeam development is an iterative process. This is readily understood when looking at the forming-storming-norming-performing model for team development that has become a standard team development model introduced by Bruce Tuckman. The theory is based on the usher in that each team goes through a lucid iterative process. The first phase is described as the forming phase where the team first comes together with energy, expectation, and limited knowledge of assigned ta sk. The next phase is the storming phase where individuals opening jockeying for position and recognition. The team internally struggles with why and how decisions made will affect the individual members. The next phase is the norming phase where stability starts to emerge and goals are established with plans and concernd defined roles/responsibilities. The last phase is the performing phase where the plans are implemented, outputs are generated, and work gets done.Every team goes through these phases. (Tuckman, 1965). Therefore, it is natural to expect conflicts to arise between team members however, management as well as the project manager must be cognizant there can be both inventive conflict and destructive conflict. Constructive conflicts exists when people change and grow personally from the conflict, the conflict results in a etymon to a problem, it increases involvement of everyone affected by the conflict, and it builds cohesiveness among the members of the team. Destr uctive conflicts exist when no decision is reached and problem still exists, it diverts energy away from more value-add activities, it destroys the morale of the team members and it polarizes or divides the team (Cappozzoli, 1995).Diversity within the team is another consideration with respect to group dynamics. Professor Klein from the Wharton School of Management and Professor Lim from Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore as part of their research looked at the value of diversity and found that there was conflicting theory. Some research suggests diversity represented by gender, race, and age leads to conflict and affects behavioral integration among team members. The general assumption is that people tend to associate better with people who are similar to themselves which suggest too much diversity is bad for cohesion. Other research suggests diversity helps creates more ideas, more perspectives and more creativity for better solutions. In their re search, Klein and Lim found a distinct value in having some similarity between team members which enhances coordination and effectiveness in performing tasks that are complex, unpredictable, urgent, and/or novel (Klein & Lim, 2006). It is possible that a balancing of both theories within a team construct might be beneficial in forming a high transaction team.ConclusionEmployees performance and satisfaction are likely to be higher(prenominal) if their values fit well with the organization. The person who places great importance on imagination, independence, and freedom is likely to be poorly matched with an organization that seeks conformity from its employees (Robbins & Judge, 2013, p. 154). Chick-fil-As senior leaders are very vocal about the fact their company is owned and operated on Christian values. In fact, their polity and procedure of closing on Sunday so their employees can enjoy time off with their family and perhaps even attend church is archaic in the quick serv ice restaurant business. Chrysler is also very monstrous about their company values and has placed a code of ethics manual on their website to remind internal employees and external customers about their value systems. One of the roles of managers is to both exhibit and vocalize company values. This works well when your personal values are similar to the company and other senior leaders. The higher an individual rises within an organization, the more important it is that your personality and value system aligned with your company.Both the hiring process of the employees and the ethical standards of behavior for those employees are a critical dynamic supporting the mission objectives of the company. When a company fails to implement effective hiring and ethical policies, the implications can be costly in a variety of quantifiable ways. Finding the right mix of individual employees is a difficult task in terms of attracting and withholding people who are the best fit to the company. The success of the company relies on both the individual as well as those members who become part of teams. The composition of those members to a particular team must be carefully considered by management. The size, makeup, diversity, pickax of the team lead, and objective of the team are all important considerations to ensure success. Management must recognize there is some inherent inefficiency in putting teams together as they go through an iterative process of maturity but they must be convinced the benefits of the outcomes outweigh the delays by putting together that particular team.RecommendationsThe profitability and long term survivability of companies are keys to their success. One of the most important assets to any business entity is human crown resources or personnel. As with any asset, management and leadership hire personnel with the belief they will contribute to the company in a positive manner and demonstrate a return of investment from the standpoint that the hi ring and training process requires an investment of both time and money. Therefore, it is imperative that companies seek out, attract, and retain individuals whose personality and values match that of the company. In addition, they must be able to work well within teams to further the objectives of the company. It is also important that the companys continue to communicate and reinforce their values to the workforce. That message must come from the top down. Senior leadership must convey that message at stockholder meetings, all hands meetings, town hall meetings, and via electronic means. While it is imperative that message be communicated, it must be support and reinforced at all levels of management.In addition, the compensation and reward system must recognize behavior and performance consistent with that message. The other important consideration is that leadership and management must be conveying the right message, with the right behaviors, and enveloped by a sense of ethical behavior. One only has to look at Enron, Worldcom, and Arthur Anderson to recognize the catastrophic and costly effects of good-natured in behavior as individuals, groups, or management that is conflict with verbalise values. The recent Chick-Fil-a statements made by Mr. S.T. Cathy where personal views were replaced by those of the corporation started a media firestorm and backlash from many interest groups. The result was negative press for the company and eventually the announcement by the corporation of a customer cargo area day that cost the company tens of millions of dollars in an attempt to counteract the negative events.ReferencesAcademy of Management Executive, Volume 18, No. 2, (2004), Strategic leadership of ethical behavior in business, Schermerhorn, Thomas, and Dienhart, John, retrieved from http//home.sandiego.edu/pavett/docs/msgl_503/leader_ethic_behave.pdf Brockmann, Erich. (1996, May). Removing the paradox of conflict from group decisions. Brown, D. R. (2011). An Experiential nestle to Organization Development (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Brumfield, B. (2012). Retrieved from http//articles.cnn.com/2012-08-01/us/us_us-chick-fil-a-controversy_1_civil-unions-marriage-glaad Cappozzoli, Thomas K. (1995, Dec). Resolving conflict within teams. Journal for Quality and Participation. v18n7, p. 28-30 Eddy, Nathan (June 25, 2009). Businesses Losing silver on Bad Hiring Practices Retrieved from http//www.eweek.com/c/a/Midmarket/Businesses-Losing-Money-on-Bad-Hiring-Practices-Survey-Finds-482198/ Gountanis, Chris (n.d.). Team Dynamics Conflict Resolution Strategies. ONLINE (http// www.chrisgountanis.com/written-works/50-team-dynamics-conflict-resolution-strategies.html) Last Accessed 24 September 2012. Harvard Business Review (May 2009), The Definitive incline to Recruiting in Good Times and Bad, Fernndez-Aroz, Claudio Groysberg, Boris and Nohria, Notin, retrieved from http//hbr.org/2009/05/the-definitive-guide-to-recruiting-in-g ood-times-and-bad Henkin, Sid (2012). The Behavioral Side of Project Team Effectiveness, ONLINE (http// www.prismls.com/PDF_docs/Behavior.side.of.team.effectiveness.pdf)) Last

Baroque Art Essay

Its hard to make a differentiation in which the beginning of the Baroque period is clearly distinguished from that of the after-hours Renaissance. N one(a)theless, Baroque fraud is emotional, decorative and a direct result of the Counter-Reformation suit in Europe. During the Baroque period, in that respect was a dramatic religious destroy in the church building with the formation of Protestantism. Catholics reacted with the Counter-Reformation to revitalize Catholicism. They needed to attract viewers with religious artistic creation that more significantly impacted onlookers.Protestant aras (in the North) responded with a lack of religious art, concentrating, for example, on genre cayings that taught their viewers moral lessons. Compositions tended to brace more open space. The Baroque port originated in Italy and string out north, profoundly affecting the rest of Europe as it spread. In his survey of art history text, Gardners Art Through the Ages A Global History, Fre d S. Kleiner asserts that the status Baroque is problematic because the era encompasses a broad range of genres and styles.At the same time, it is effective in describing the art of the 17th century, a style marked by dynamism and movement, drama and greatness. Since the masses could not read, there could be no better way to feed them religion-Catholicisms contingent view of it-than through grand pictures depicting Biblical lessons and the dominance of Catholicism, calculate the Church. One of the most interesting examples of art as propaganda for the Catholic Church is Caravaggios Conversion of Saint Paul, painted ca. 1603. In 1600, Caravaggio was commissioned to paint two pictures. One is Crucifixion of Saint ray, a dramatic and wrongful work.The other is Pauls Conversion, which hangs across the chapel from Saint Peter in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo in capital of Italy. Also known as Conversion on the Way to Damascus or The Road to Damascus, this scene of Pauls conve rsion is known as the most intriguing of the two paintings. In this grand picture Caravaggio portrays the moment described in the Bible, in the Book of Acts, when Paul (then capital of Minnesota) falls to the ground in an epiphany from the Lord. The egocentric, Christian-hating capital of Minnesota is on his way to Damascus, on a mission to witch-hunt Christians there.In Acts chapter 22, verses 6-7, capital of Minnesota describes the moment About noon as I came near Damascus, all at once a bright light from heaven flashed around me. I shake off to the ground and heard a voice say to me, capital of Minnesota Saul Why do you persecute me? This information is important to consider when examine Caravaggios representation of the event. Caravaggio, who, in his personal life, was known to have an extraordinary disposition and not long after painting this scene, he fled Rome after killing a man (Encyclopedia Britannica) clearly was a subversive in his art.In this scenes it perhaps sho wed the mystery in the man that represents Caravaggios sarcasm, his sardonic version of Jesus, who, after all, is the one who knocked Saul senseless. If so, what is it that Caravaggio is secretly saying about Jesus? We will never know, further the possibility is at least entertaining. Summary While Baroque art arose out of an effort to manipulate the masses through propaganda tactics, it changed and evolved as it spread throughout Europe. Today, the style can be appreciated for its many accomplishments, everything from its pragmatic renderings to its grand drama and its larger-than-life grandeur.Baroque art has an intensity and immediacy not seen prior. The exquisite attention to detail and the realism of the style are part of what defines this age. Many masters emerged from this era, masters whose styles are widely vary and whose intentions were just as varied, and much can be learned from them and the legacies they go forth behind in their art, music, literature and architect ure. Combined, these characteristics make the Baroque style one of the most compelling periods in the history of Western art.

Ncert Physics Book

Presents NCERT Text Books NCERT Text Books 11th Class somatogenic intuition Ab place Us Prep4Civils, bladesite is a part of Sukratu Innovations, a start up by IITians. The main theme of the company is to develop new web services which will help people. P rep4Civils is an online social ne bothrking platform mean for the wel farthermostgon of people who be preparing for Civil services examinations. The whole website was rein strong pointd on open- informant platform WordPress. Contact Details Website http//www. prep4civils. com/ Email email&clxprotected comDisclaimer and Terms of Use By following germinal Common License, for the welf ar of large(p) student body we argon merging each the PDF files provided by NCERT website and redistri furthering the files by fully grown decorous credit to NCERT website and the redistribution is based on the norms of Creative Common License. We be non commercially distributing the files. People who be downloading these files should non be engaged in any sort of sales or commercial distribution of these files. They tin send word redistribute these copies freely by giving proper credit to the original author, NCERT (http//www. ncert. nic. in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook. tm) and Prep4Civils (http//www. prep4civils. com/) by providing proper hyperlinks of the websites. Any sort of cliches cigaret be pumpmarizeressed at email&clxprotected com and proper action will be taken. CONTENTS foreword premise A NOTE FOR THE TEACHER CHAPTER iii v x 1 PHYSICAL domain of a function 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 What is bodily science ? Scope and excitement of native philosophy Physics, technology and community cardinal rends in personality Nature of physical righteousness of characters CHAPTER 1 2 5 6 10 2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 instauration The major(ip) planetary system of units Measurement of aloofness Measurement of push-down listMeasurement of fourth dimension Ac curacy, clearcutness of instruments and errors in measurement Signifi butt endt figures Dimensions of physical quantities dimensional formulae and dimensional equivalences Dimensional analysis and its applications CHAPTER 16 16 18 21 22 22 27 31 31 32 3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 induction Position, path length and sack Average velocity and add up zip up Instantaneous velocity and pep pill quickening Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated transaction Relative velocity CHAPTER 39 39 42 43 45 47 51 4 MOTION IN A PLANE 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 inceptionScalars and vectors Multiplication of vectors by real quashs growth and subtraction of vectors graphical method Resolution of vectors 65 65 67 67 69 CK xii 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 Vector addition analytical method apparent effort in a planing machine Motion in a plane with constant acceleration Relative velocity in two dimensions dynamical motion Uniform circular motion CHAPTER 71 72 75 76 77 79 5 LAWS OF MOTION 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 5. 7 5. 8 5. 9 5. 10 5. 11 Introduction Aristotles pearlacy The right of inertia Newtons world-class police military of motion Newtons indorsement equity of motion Newtons third law of motion Conservation of momentumEquilibrium of a particle Common upshots in mechanism Circular motion Solving problems in mechanics CHAPTER 89 90 90 91 93 96 98 99 degree centigrade 104 105 6 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 6. 5 6. 6 6. 7 6. 8 6. 9 6. 10 6. 11 6. 12 Introduction Notions of twist and kinetic skill The work- power theorem be given Kinetic muscle Work d maven by a covariant make The work-energy theorem for a variable rack The concept of potential energy The conservation of mechanical energy The potential energy of a bombardment Various forms of energy the law of conservation of energy Power Collisions CHAPTER 114 116 116 117 118 119 cxx 121 123 126 28 129 7 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND R OTATIONAL MOTION 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 Introduction Centre of mass Motion of nub of mass Linear momentum of a system of particles Vector product of two vectors Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity Torque and angular momentum Equilibrium of a rigid body Moment of inertia Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes 141 144 148 149 150 152 154 158 163 164 CK xiii 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 Kinematics of rotational motion virtually a determined axis Dynamics of rotational motion ab bring up a refractory axis Angular momentum in case of rotations about a pertinacious axisRolling motion CHAPTER 167 169 171 173 8 GRAVITATION 8. 1 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 8. 5 8. 6 8. 7 8. 8 8. 9 8. 10 8. 11 8. 12 Introduction Keplers laws Universal law of graveness The gravitative constant Acceleration cod(p) to gravity of the earth Acceleration ascribable to gravity below and above the surface of earth gravitative potential energy Escape speed Earth satellite might of an orbiting satellite Geostationary and polar satellites Weightlessness 183 184 185 189 189 190 191 193 194 195 196 197 APPENDICES 203 ANSWERS 219 CK CK CONTENTS FOREWORD PREFACE A NOTE FOR THE TEACHERS CHAPTER iii vii x 9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 9. 9. 2 9. 3 9. 4 9. 5 9. 6 9. 7 Introduction E uttermost(a)ic behaviour of solids Stress and strain Hookes law Stress-strain curve Elastic moduli Applications of elastic behaviour of materials CHAPTER 231 232 232 234 234 235 240 10 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 10. 1 10. 2 10. 3 10. 4 10. 5 10. 6 10. 7 Introduction Pressure Streamline flow Bernoullis principle Viscosity Reynerst objet dart(a)s number Surface stress CHAPTER 246 246 253 254 258 260 261 11 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 11. 1 11. 2 11. 3 11. 4 11. 5 11. 6 11. 7 11. 8 11. 9 11. 10 Introduction Temperature and heat Measurement of temperature Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperatureThermal intricacy Specific heat condenser Calorimetry Change of state Hea t ecstasy Newtons law of cooling CHAPTER 274 274 275 275 276 280 281 282 286 290 12 THERMODYNAMICS 12. 1 12. 2 Introduction Thermal proportionality 298 299 CK CK xii 12. 3 12. 4 12. 5 12. 6 12. 7 12. 8 12. 9 12. 10 12. 11 12. 12 12. 13 Zeroth law of thermodynamics Heat, internal energy and work introductory law of thermodynamics Specific heat capacity Thermodynamic state variables and equation of state Thermodynamic performancees Heat engines Refrigerators and heat pumps Second law of thermodynamics correctable and irreversible processes Carnot engine CHAPTER 300 300 302 03 304 305 308 308 309 310 311 13 KINETIC possibleness 13. 1 13. 2 13. 3 13. 4 13. 5 13. 6 13. 7 Introduction Molecular spirit of matter Behaviour of gases Kinetic premiss of an ideal gas Law of equipartition of energy Specific heat capacity Mean free path CHAPTER 318 318 320 323 327 328 330 14 OSCILLATIONS 14. 1 14. 2 14. 3 14. 4 14. 5 14. 6 14. 7 14. 8 14. 9 14. 10 Introduction Periodic and oscilatory mo tions Simple harmonized motion Simple benevolent motion and uniform circular motion Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion power law for simple harmonic motion Energy in simple harmonic motion a fewer(prenominal) systems executing SHMDamped simple harmonic motion root ford oscillations and resonance CHAPTER 336 337 339 341 343 345 346 347 351 353 15 WAVES 15. 1 15. 2 15. 3 15. 4 15. 5 15. 6 Introduction Transverse and longitudinal kinks Displacement relation in a progressive tense wave The speed of a travelling wave The principle of superposition principle of waves Reflection of waves 363 365 367 369 373 374 CK CK xiii 15. 7 15. 8 Beats Doppler effect 379 381 ANSWERS 391 BIBLIOGRAPHY 401 exp onenessnt 403 CK CHAPTER ONE PHYSICAL adult male 1. 1 WHAT IS PHYSICS ? 1. 1 What is pictorial philosophy ? 1. 2 Scope and excitement of inborn philosophy 1. 3 Physics, technology and golf club 1. 4 Fundamental forces in record 1. Nature of physical laws abbrevia tion Exercises Humans have always been curious about the world close to them. The night sky with its bright celestial bearings has fascinated humans since time immemorial. The regular repetitions of the day and night, the annual cycle of seasons, the eclipses, the tides, the vol dismissoes, the rainbow have always been a source of wonder. The world has an astonishing salmagundi of materials and a bewildering diversity of invigoration and behaviour. The inquiring and imaginative human mind has responded to the wonder and awe of nature in different ways. One kind of response from the earliest multiplication has been to observe the hysical environment carefully, look for any meaningful patterns and relations in natural phenomena, and build and use new tools to interact with nature. This human strain informal-emitting diode, in course of time, to modern science and technology. The word Science originates from the Latin verb Scientia meaning to know. The Sanskrit word Vijnan and the Arabic word Ilm c onvey alike meaning, namely knowledge. Science, in a broad sense, is as old as human species. The early civilisations of Egypt, India, China, Greece, Mesopotamia and many early(a)s do vital contributions to its progress. From the sixteenth cytosine onwards, coarse strides were make n science in Europe. By the middle of the ordinal century, science had become a authentically planetary enterp initiate, with many cultures and countries contributing to its rapid growth. What is Science and what is the so-called Scientific manner ? Science is a systematic try to under(a)stand natural phenomena in as much detail and depth as possible, and use the knowledge so gained to predict, change and control phenomena. Science is exploring, experimenting and predicting from what we see most us. The end to learn about the world, unravelling the secrets of nature is the first step towards the wideny of science.The scientific method involves several interconnected ste ps Systematic observations, controlled experiments, qualitative and 2 quantitative reasoning, mathematical determineling, prediction and verification or falsification of theories. conjecture and conjecture withal have a place in science but ultimately, a scientific speculation, to be acceptable, moldiness be sustain by relevant observations or experiments. There is much philosophical fight about the nature and method of science that we need not talk over here. The interplay of possibleness and observation (or experiment) is primary to the progress of science. Science is ever dynamic.There is no final possible action in science and no unquestioned means among scientists. As observations improve in detail and precision or experiments publication new results, theories must account for them, if necessary, by introducing modifications. Sometimes the modifications whitethorn not be drastic and may lie within the framework of actual possibleness. For example, when Johannes Ke pler (1571-1630) examined the extensive selective information on planetary motion collected by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), the planetary circular orbits in heliocentric theory (sun at the centre of the solar system) imagined by Nicolas Copernicus (14731543) had to be replaced by elliptical rbits to fit the data better. Occasionally, however, the existing theory is simply unable to explain new observations. This causes a major upheaval in science. In the beginning of the twentieth century, it was realized that Newtonian mechanics, till then a truly successful theory, could not explain well-nigh of the most rudimentary features of thermonuclear phenomena. Similarly, the then original wave encounter of light failed to explain the photo voltaic effect properly. This led to the development of a radically new theory (Quantum Mechanics) to deal with pieceic and molecular phenomena. Just as a new experiment may notify an lternative theoretical model, a theoretical advance may suggest what to look for in some experiments. The result of experiment of dispersion of important particles by gold foil, in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford (18711937) established the nuclear model of the atom, which then became the basis of the quantum theory of hydrogen atom given in 1913 by Niels Bohr (18851962). On the other hand, the concept of antiparticle was first introduced theoretically by Paul Dirac (19021984) in 1930 and sustain two years later by the experimental discovery of positron (antielectron) by Carl Anderson. P HYSICS Physics is a base discipline in the category f Natural Sciences, which withal includes other disciplines like Chemistry and Biology. The word Physics comes from a Greek word meaning nature. Its Sanskrit equivalent is Bhautiki that is used to refer to the study of the physical world. A precise definition of this discipline is neither possible nor necessary. We endure broadly describe physical science as a study of the basic laws of nature and their man ifestation in different natural phenomena. The scope of physics is described briefly in the following(a) section. Here we remark on two principal thrusts in physics unification and reduction. In Physics, we attempt to explain diverse hysical phenomena in terms of a few concepts and laws. The exertion is to see the physical world as manifestation of some commonplace laws in different landed estates and conditions. For example, the uniform law of gravitation (given by Newton) describes the fall down of an apple to the ground, the motion of the moon around the earth and the motion of planets around the sun. Similarly, the basic laws of electro magnetiseds (Maxwells equations) govern all electric and magnetised phenomena. The attempts to blend primeval forces of nature (section 1. 4) shine this same quest for unification. A related effort is to derive the properties of a igger, more complex, system from the properties and interactions of its portion simpler parts. This app roach is called reductionism and is at the heart of physics. For example, the subject of thermodynamics, genuine in the 19th century, deals with bulk systems in terms of visible quantities such as temperature, internal energy, entropy, etc. Subsequently, the subjects of kinetic theory and statistical mechanics interpreted these quantities in terms of the properties of the molecular constituents of the bulk system. In particular, the temperature was seen to be related to the average kinetic energy of molecules of the system. . 2 SCOPE AND EXCITEMENT OF PHYSICS We can get some idea of the scope of physics by look at its various sub-disciplines. Basically, there are two domains of interest macroscopic and microscopic. The macroscopic domain includes phenomena at the laboratory, terrestrial and astronomic scales. The microscopic domain includes atomic, molecular and nuclear P HYSICAL WORLD phenomena*. Classical Physics deals in general with macroscopic phenomena and includes su bjects like Mechanics, Electrodynamics, Optics a nd T hermodynamics . Mechanics founded on Newtons laws of motion and the law of gravitation is concerned with the motion (or quilibrium) of particles, rigid and deformable bodies, and general systems of particles. The propulsion of a rocket by a jet of ejecting gases, telephone extension of water waves or sound waves in air, the proportion of a bent rod under a load, etc. , are problems of mechanics. Electrodynamics deals with electric and magnetic phenomena associated with beamd and magnetic bodies. Its basic laws were given by Coulomb, Oersted, Fig. 1. 1 chemical substance process, etc. , are problems of interest in thermodynamics. The microscopic domain of physics deals with the constitution and coordinate of matter at the hr scales of atoms and nuclei (and even ower scales of length) and their interaction with different probes such as electrons, photons and other mere(a) particles. Classical physics is inadequate to handle t his domain and Quantum Theory is soon accepted as the proper framework for explaining microscopic phenomena. Overall, the edifice of physics is beautiful and imposing and you will appreciate it more as you affiance the subject. Theory and experiment go hand in hand in physics and help each others progress. The alpha scattering experiments of Rutherford gave the nuclear model of the atom. Ampere and Faraday, and encapsulated by Maxwell in his illustrious set of equations.The motion of a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, the response of a circuit to an ac voltage (signal), the working of an antenna, the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere, etc. , are problems of electrodynamics. Optics deals with the phenomena involving light. The working of squeezes and microscopes, colours exhibited by thin bourgeons, etc. , are topics in optics. Thermodynamics, in contrast to mechanics, does not deal with the motion of bodies as a whole. Rather, it deals with systems in macroscopic equilibrium and is concerned with changes in internal energy, temperature, entropy, etc. , of the ystem through and through external work and transfer of heat. The efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators, the direction of a physical or * 3 You can now see that the scope of physics is truly vast. It covers a tremendous seethe of magnitude of physical quantities like length, mass, time, energy, etc. At one end, it studies phenomena at the very small scale of length -14 (10 m or even less) involving electrons, protons, etc. at the other end, it deals with astronomical phenomena at the scale of galaxies or even the entire universe whose outcome is of the order of 26 10 m. The two length scales differ by a situationor of 40 10 or even more.The ramble on of time scales can be obtained by dividing the length scales by the 22 speed of light 10 s to 1018 s. The cooking stove of the slap-up unwashed goes from, say, 1030 kg (mass of an 55 electron) to 10 kg (mass of kn own plain universe). Terrestrial phenomena lie somewhere in the middle of this range. lately, the domain average surrounded by the macroscopic and the microscopic (the so-called mesoscopic physics), dealing with a few tens or hundreds of atoms, has emerged as an raise field of research. 4 Physics is exciting in many ways. To some people the excitement comes from the elegance and catholicity of its basic theories, from the fact that few basic concepts and laws can explain phenomena screening a large range of magnitude of physical quantities. To some others, the dispute in carrying out imaginative new experiments to unlock the secrets of nature, to verify or refute theories, is thrilling. Applied physics is equally demanding. Application and exploitation of physical laws to make useful devices is the most interesting and exciting part and requires great ingenuity and persistence of effort. What lies behind the phenomenal progress of physics in the last few centuries? Great prog ress usually accompanies changes in our basic perceptions.First, it was realised that for scientific progress, scarcely qualitative thinking, though no interrogative sentence important, is not enough. Quantitative measurement is central to the growth of science, especially physics, because the laws of nature happen to be expressible in precise mathematical equations. The second most important insight was that the basic laws of physics are oecumenical the same laws apply in widely different contexts. Lastly, the strategy of musical theme turned out to be very successful. Most ascertained phenomena in daily life are rather complicated manifestations of the basic laws. Scientists recognize the importance f extracting the all important(p) features of a phenomenon from its less significant aspects. It is not practical to take into account all the complexities of a phenomenon in one go. A good strategy is to focus first on the essential features, discover the basic principles and t hen introduce corrections to build a more refined theory of the phenomenon. For example, a stone and a square up dropped from the same height do not reach the ground at the same time. The reason is that the essential aspect of the phenomenon, namely free fall under gravity, is complicated by the presence of air resistance. To get the law of free all under gravity, it is better to create a authority wherein the air resistance is negligible. We can, for example, let the stone and the feather fall through a long evacuated tube. In that case, the two objects will fall near at the same rate, giving the basic law that acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the object. With the basic law thus found, we can go back to the feather, introduce corrections due to air resistance, modify the existing theory and try to build a more true-to-life(prenominal) P HYSICS Hypothesis, adages and models One should not think that everything can be turn up with physics and mathematic s.All physics, and to a fault mathematics, is based on assumptions, each of which is variously called a hypothesis or axiom or postulate, etc. For example, the ordinary law of gravitation proposed by Newton is an assumption or hypothesis, which he proposed out of his ingenuity. Before him, there were several observations, experiments and data, on the motion of planets around the sun, motion of the moon around the earth, pendulums, bodies falling towards the earth etc. Each of these need a separate explanation, which was more or less qualitative. What the global law of gravitation says is that, if we assume that any two odies in the universe tear each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, then we can explain all these observations in one stroke. It not only explains these phenomena, it also allows us to predict the results of future experiments. A hypothesis is a supposition without as suming that it is true. It would not be fair to ask anybody to prove the universal law of gravitation, because it cannot be proved. It can be verified and substantiated by experiments and observations. An axiom is a self- unpatterned truth while a model s a theory proposed to explain observed phenomena. alone you need not worry at this stage about the nuances in using these words. For example, bordering year you will learn about Bohrs model of hydrogen atom, in which Bohr assumed that an electron in the hydrogen atom follows veritable rules (postutates). Why did he do that? There was a large descend of spectroscopic data before him which no other theory could explain. So Bohr said that if we assume that an atom behaves in such a manner, we can explain all these things at once. Einsteins special theory of relativity theory is also based on two postulates, the constancy of the speed f electromagnetic radiation and the validity of physical laws in all inertial frame of reference. It would not be wise to ask soulfulness to prove that the speed of light in vacuum is constant, independent of the source or observer. In mathematics too, we need axioms and hypotheses at every stage. Euclids statement that parallel lines never meet, is a hypothesis. This means that if we assume this statement, we can explain several properties of straight lines and two or leash dimensional figures made out of them. But if you dont assume it, you are free to use a different axiom and get a new geometry, as has indeed happened in he past few centuries and decades. P HYSICAL WORLD 5 theory of objects falling to the earth under gravity. 1. 3 PHYSICS, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY The connection between physics, technology and society can be seen in many examples. The discipline of thermodynamics arose from the need to translate and improve the working of heat engines. The steam engine, as we know, is inseparable from the industrial R maturation in England in the eighteenth century, which h ad great impact on the course of human civilisation. Sometimes technology gives rise to new physics at other times physics generates new technology.An example of the last mentioned is the wireless communication technology that followed the discovery of the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in the nineteenth century. The applications of physics are not always undemanding to foresee. As late as 1933, the great physicist Ernest Rutherford had dismissed the possibility of tapping energy from atoms. But only a few years later, in 1938, Hahn and Meitner notice the phenomenon of neutron-induced fission of uranium, which would serve as the basis of nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons. Yet another important example of physics giving rise to technology is the silicon chip that triggered the computer revolution in the last three decades of the twentieth century. A most significant area to which physics has and will contribute is the development of alternative energy resources. The fossil fuels of the planet are dwindling fast and there is an urgent need to discover new and affordable sources of energy. Considerable progress has already been made in this direction (for example, in conversion of solar energy, geothermal energy, etc. , into electricity), but much more is still to be accomplished. delay1. 1 lists some of the great physicists, their major contribution and the country of rigin. You will appreciate from this table the multi-cultural, international character of the scientific endeavour. Table 1. 2 lists some important technologies and the principles of physics they are based on. Obviously, these tables are not exhaustive. We urge you to try to add many names and items to these tables with the help of your teachers, good books and websites on science. You will influence that this exercise is very educative and also great fun. And, assuredly, it will never end. The progress of science is unstoppable Physics is the study of nature and natural phen omena. Physicists try to discover the rules hat are operating in nature, on the basis of observations, experimentation and analysis. Physics deals with certain basic rules/laws governing the natural world. What is the nature Table 1. 1 Some physicists from different countries of the world and their major contributions Name Major contribution/discovery commonwealth of Origin Archimedes formula of perkiness Principle of the lever Greece Galileo Galilei Law of inertia Italy Christiaan Huygens Wave theory of light Holland Isaac Newton Universal law of gravitation Laws of motion Reflecting telescope U. K. Michael Faraday Laws of electromagnetic induction U. K. James Clerk MaxwellElectromagnetic theory shadowy-an electromagnetic wave U. K. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Generation of electromagnetic waves Germany J. C. Bose Ultra fiddling radio waves India W. K. radius X-rays Germany J. J. Thomson Electron U. K. Marie Sklodowska Curie Discovery of radium and polonium Studies on Poland natura l radioactivity Albert Einstein Explanation of photoelectric effect Theory of relativity Germany 6 P HYSICS Name Major contribution/discovery Country of Origin Victor Francis Hess Cosmic radiation Austria R. A. Millikan Measurement of electronic charge U. S. A. Ernest Rutherford Nuclear model of atom New Zealand Niels BohrQuantum model of hydrogen atom Denmark C. V. Raman Inelastic scattering of light by molecules India Louis Victor de Borglie Wave nature of matter France M. N. Saha Thermal ionisation India S. N. Bose Quantum statistics India Wolfgang Pauli Exclusion principle Austria Enrico Fermi Controlled nuclear fission Italy Werner Heisenberg Quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle Germany Paul Dirac Relativistic theory of electron Quantum statistics U. K. Edwin Hubble Expanding universe U. S. A. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Cyclotron U. S. A. James Chadwick Neutron U. K. Hideki Yukawa Theory of nuclear forces Japan Homi Jehangir BhabhaCascade process of cosmic radiation India Lev D avidovich Landau Theory of condensed matter Liquid helium Russia S. Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar limit, structure and evolution of stars India John Bardeen Transistors Theory of super conductivity U. S. A. C. H. Townes Maser Laser U. S. A. Abdus Salam labor union of timid and electromagnetic interactions Pakistan of physical laws? We shall now discuss the nature of fundamental forces and the laws that govern the diverse phenomena of the physical world. 1. 4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN nature* We all have an intuitive caprice of force. In our birth, force is indispensable to push, carry or hrow objects, deform or break them. We also experience the impact of forces on us, like when a moving object hits us or we are in a merry-goround. Going from this intuitive notion to the proper scientific concept of force is not a tiny matter. Early thinkers like Aristotle had wrong * ideas about it. The correct notion of force was arrived at by Isaac Newton in his famed laws of motion. He also ga ve an explicit form for the force for gravitational attraction between two bodies. We shall learn these matters in subsequent chapters. In the macroscopic world, besides the gravitational force, we encounter several kinds f forces muscular force, contact forces between bodies, grinding (which is also a contact force parallel to the surfaces in contact), the forces exerted by compressed or elongated ricochets and taut strings and ropes (tension), the force of buoyancy and viscous force when solids are in Sections 1. 4 and 1. 5 adopt several ideas that you may not grasp fully in your first reading. However, we advise you to read them carefully to develop a feel for some basic aspects of physics. These are some of the areas which continue to occupy the physicists today. P HYSICAL WORLD 7 Table 1. 2 Link between technology and physics TechnologyScientific principle(s) Steam engine Laws of thermodynamics Nuclear reactor Controlled nuclear fission piano tuner and Television Generatio n, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves Computers Digital logic Lasers Light amplification by stimulated waiver of radiation Production of basal high magnetic fields Superconductivity Rocket propulsion Newtons laws of motion electric automobile generator Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction hydroelectric power Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical energy Aeroplane Bernoullis principle in fluid dynamics touch accelerators Motion of supercharged particles in electromagnetic ields Sonar Reflection of supersonic waves Optical fibres Total internal reflection of light Non-reflecting coatings Thin film optical interference Electron microscope Wave nature of electrons Photocell photoelectric effect Fusion test reactor (Tokamak) Magnetic confinement of blood plasma Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) Detection of cosmic radio waves Bose-Einstein compression Trapping and cooling of atoms by laser beams and magnetic fields. contact with flu ids, the force due to pressure of a fluid, the force due to surface tension of a liquid, and so on. There are also forces involving charged nd magnetic bodies. In the microscopic domain again, we have electric and magnetic forces, nuclear forces involving protons and neutrons, interatomic and intermolecular forces, etc. We shall get familiar with some of these forces in later parts of this course. A great insight of the twentieth century physics is that these different forces occurring in different contexts actually arise from only a small number of fundamental forces in nature. For example, the elastic dancing force arises due to the net attraction/repulsion between the neighbouring atoms of the opening when the spring is elongated/compressed. This net ttraction/repulsion can be traced to the (unbalanced) sum of electric forces between the charged constituents of the atoms. In principle, this means that the laws for derived forces (such as spring force, friction) are not independ ent of the laws of fundamental forces in nature. The origin of these derived forces is, however, very complex. At the present stage of our understanding, we know of four fundamental forces in nature, which are described in brief here 8 P HYSICS Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Albert Einstein, born in Ulm, Germany in 1879, is universally regarded as one of the greatest physicists of all time.His astonishing scientific career began with the publication of three path-breaking papers in 1905. In the first paper, he introduced the notion of light quanta (now called photons) and used it to explain the features of photoelectric effect that the classical wave theory of radiation could not account for. In the second paper, he developed a theory of Brownian motion that was confirmed experimentally a few years later and provided a convincing evidence of the atomic picture of matter. The third paper gave birth to the special theory of relativity that made Einstein a legend in his own life time.In the next decade, he explored the present moments of his new theory which included, among other things, the mass-energy equivalence enshrined in his famous equation E = mc2. He also created the general version of relativity (The General Theory of Relativity), which is the modern theory of gravitation. Some of Einsteins most significant later contributions are the notion of stimulated emission introduced in an alternative derivation of Plancks blackbody radiation law, passive model of the universe which started modern cosmology, quantum statistics of a gas of massive bosons, and a critical analysis of the foundations of quantum mechanics.The year 2005 was declared as International category of Physics, in recognition of Einsteins monumental contribution to physics, in year 1905, describing revolutionary scientific ideas that have since influenced all of modern physics. 1. 4. 1 Gravitational Force The gravitational force is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by vi rtue of their masses. It is a universal force. Every object experiences this force due to every other object in the universe. All objects on the earth, for example, experience the force of gravity due to the earth. In particular, gravity governs the motion of the moon and artificial satellites around he earth, motion of the earth and planets around the sun, and, of course, the motion of bodies falling to the earth. It plays a expose role in the large-scale phenomena of the universe, such as formation and evolution of stars, galaxies and galactic clusters. 1. 4. 2 Electromagnetic Force Electromagnetic force is the force between charged particles. In the simpler case when charges are at rest, the force is given by Coulombs law attractive for contrary charges and repulsive for like charges. Charges in motion produce magnetic personal effects and a magnetic field gives rise to a force on a moving charge. Electric nd magnetic effects are, in general, inseparable hence the name electr omagnetic force. Like the gravitational force, electromagnetic force acts over large distances and does not need any interfere medium. It is enormously strong compared to gravity. The electric force between two protons, for example, 36 is 10 times the gravitational force between them, for any fixed distance. Matter, as we know, consists of elementary charged constituents like electrons and protons. Since the electromagnetic force is so much stronger than the gravitational force, it dominates all phenomena at atomic and molecular scales. (The other two forces, as we hall see, operate only at nuclear scales. ) Thus it is mainly the electromagnetic force that governs the structure of atoms and molecules, the dynamics of chemical reactions and the mechanical, thermal and other properties of materials. It underlies the macroscopic forces like tension, friction, standard force, spring force, etc. Gravity is always attractive, while electromagnetic force can be attractive or repulsive. other way of putting it is that mass comes only in one variety (there is no negative mass), but charge comes in two varieties authoritative and negative charge. This is what makes all the difference.Matter is mostly electrically neutral (net charge is zero). Thus, electric force is largely zero and gravitational force dominates terrestrial phenomena. Electric force manifests itself in atmosphere where the atoms are ionised and that leads to lightning. P HYSICAL WORLD 9 Satyendranath Bose (1894-1974) Satyendranath Bose, born in Calcutta in 1894, is among the great Indian physicists who made a fundamental contribution to the advance of science in the twentieth century. An outstanding student throughout, Bose started his career in 1916 as a lecturer in physics in Calcutta University five years later he joined Dacca University.Here in 1924, in a brilliant smash of insight, Bose gave a new derivation of Plancks law, treating radiation as a gas of photons and employing new statistical methods of counting of photon states. He wrote a short paper on the subject and sent it to Einstein who immediately recognized its great significance, translated it in German and forwarded it for publication. Einstein then applied the same method to a gas of molecules. The key new conceptual member in Boses work was that the particles were regarded as indistinguishable, a radical tone ending from the assumption that underlies the classical MaxwellBoltzmann statistics.It was soon realised that the new Bose-Einstein statistics was applicable to particles with integers spins, and a new quantum statistics (Fermi-Dirac statistics) was needed for particles with half integers spins satisfying Paulis exclusion principle. Particles with integers spins are now known as bosons in honour of Bose. An important consequence of Bose-Einstein statistics is that a gas of molecules below a certain temperature will afford a phase transition to a state where a large fraction of atoms populate the s ame lowest energy state.Some seventy years were to pass before the pioneering ideas of Bose, developed further by Einstein, were dramatically confirmed in the observation of a new state of matter in a dilute gas of ultra cold alkali atoms the Bose-Eintein condensate. If we reflect a little, the enormous strength of the electromagnetic force compared to gravity is evident in our daily life. When we hold a book in our hand, we are balancing the gravitational force on the book due to the vast mass of the earth by the normal force provided by our hand. The latter(prenominal) is nothing but the net electromagnetic force between the charged constituents of our hand and he book, at the surface in contact. If electromagnetic force were not intrinsically so much stronger than gravity, the hand of the strongest man would tumble under the weight of a feather Indeed, to be consistent, in that circumstance, we ourselves would get it under our own weight 1. 4. 3 Strong Nuclear Force The stro ng nuclear force binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus. It is evident that without some attractive force, a nucleus will be unstable due to the electric repulsion between its protons. This attractive force cannot be gravitational since force of gravity is negligible compared to the electric force.A new basic force must, therefore, be invoked. The strong nuclear force is the strongest of all fundamental forces, about 100 times the electromagnetic force in strength. It is charge-independent and acts equally between a proton and a proton, a neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a neutron. Its range is, however, extremely small, 15 of about nuclear dimensions (10 m). It is responsible for the stability of nuclei. The electron, it must be noted, does not experience this force. Recent developments have, however, indicated that protons and neutrons are built out of still more elementary constituents called quarks. . 4. 4 Weak Nuclear Force The weak nuclear force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the ? -decay of a nucleus. In ? -decay, the nucleus emits an electron and an neutral particle called neutrino. The weak nuclear force is not as weak as the gravitational force, but much weaker than the strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces. The range of weak nuclear force is exceedingly small, of the order of 10-16 m. 1. 4. 5 Towards Unification of Forces We remarked in section 1. 1 that unification is a basic quest in physics. Great advances in physics often come in to unification of different 10 P HYSICS Table 1. Fundamental forces of nature Name Relative strength Range Operates among Gravitational force 10 39 Infinite All objects in the universe Weak nuclear force 1013 Very short, Sub-nuclear size ( ? 16 m) 10 Some elementary particles, particularly electron and neutrino Electromagnetic force 102 Infinite Charged particles Strong nuclear force 1 Short, nuclear size ( ? 15 m) 10 Nucleons, heavier elementary particles theories and domains. Newton i ncorporate terrestrial and celestial domains under a common law of gravitation. The experimental discoveries of Oersted and Faraday showed that electric and magnetic phenomena are in general nseparable. Maxwell integrate electromagnetism and optics with the discovery that light is an electromagnetic wave. Einstein attempted to unify gravity and electromagnetism but could not succeed in this venture. But this did not deter physicists from zealously pursuing the goal of unification of forces. Recent decades have seen much progress on this front. The electromagnetic and the weak nuclear force have now been unified and are seen as aspects of a single electro-weak force. What this unification actually means cannot be explained here. Attempts have been (and are being) made to unify the electro-weak and the trong force and even to unify the gravitational force with the rest of the fundamental forces. Many of these ideas are still speculative and inconclusive. Table 1. 4 summarises some of the milestones in the progress towards unification of forces in nature. 1. 5 NATURE OF PHYSICAL LAWS Physicists explore the universe. Their investigations, based on scientific processes, range from particles that are smaller than atoms in size to stars that are very far away. In addition to finding the facts by observation and experimentation, physicists attempt to discover the laws that summarise (often as mathematical quations) these facts. In any physical phenomenon governed by different forces, several quantities may change with time. A remarkable fact is that some special physical quantities, however, remain constant in time. They are the conserved quantities of nature. Understanding these conservation principles is very important to describe the observed phenomena quantitatively. For motion under an external conservative force, the total mechanical energy i. e. the sum of kinetic and potential energy of a body is a constant. The familiar example is the free fall of an object under gravity. both(prenominal) the kinetic energy