“the Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profit”

Businesses have many responsibilities, the primary role being, to make profit and then in turn grow and expand as a business in the hope that they increase profits. After all, not many people want to be in the business of losing money, it is simply the function of a business †¦ to make money. However, in saying that, I would disagree in saying that this is entirely a â€Å"social† responsibility. Businesses have a responsibility to their stakeholders and/or their shareholders to increase profits, but socially they are required to do so much more. In terms of â€Å"social† responsibility, in this current day and age, businesses have a responsibility to society. I believe consumers are generally not concerned about the profit businesses makes, they are more concerned about the quality, service and value they receive from dealing with a business, and more importantly whether the success of the business was gained by them following socially and ethically responsible business practices. In the past, businesses would forfeit their social responsibility at the cost of increasing profit. A good example of this is multinational conglomerate, Proctor & Gamble, identified by PETA as a corporation that actively participates in animal testing1 to ensure that their products are safe for people to use. Yes, they are fulfilling their â€Å"social† responsibility in ensuring that their products do not harm their consumers, but now society and organisations are pointing the finger and actively boycotting companies such as Proctor & Gamble, for ignoring their social responsibility. Businesses have had to turn things around to adapt to the views of changing society. Being socially responsible is now a costly exercise. Due to their previous poor business ethics, they have to date invested almost $250 million in alternative testing methods in an effort to abolish all forms of animal testing. 2 Not only now is it socially unacceptable to practice â€Å"bad† business ethics, but it is socially unacceptable for businesses that make too much money to ignore the needs of the needy. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft together with the efforts of his wife Melinda have established the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The foundation donates millions of dollars every year, aiding many projects with their slogan being â€Å"all lives have equal value†. It is now the duty of businesses and many large corporations to be socially responsible and contribute to society on a larger scale. It is simply incorrect to say that increasing profit is the sole responsibility of a business. It is the social responsibility of a business to be socially responsible, in all facets. Portraying a ‘socially responsible’ image is detrimental to increasing profits, this has not always been the case, many companies that were once selfless entities who’s only mission was to profiteer at any cost have realised that with the changes in society, they have had to change the way they conduct their business. Sadly, many businesses and corporations participate in â€Å"socially responsible† activities for the purpose of increasing profit, businesses are not changing their packaging to pink to ‘secretly’ support breast cancer, they do so, so that you and I know about it. These so called acts of social responsibility are a form of advertising and they are done to show consumers just how â€Å"good† they can be. It is not the social responsibility of businesses to increase profit, but it is the social responsibility of companies to be socially responsible to increase profit.

Considering Your Audience Essay

The three views to wri? ng to an audience are classical, cogni? ve, and social views. They all vary in their own aspects, but all of them have great methods for wri? ng. Classical view is the same as classical wri? ng from our classical world. It is comprised of di? erent components: theory, analysis and imita? on, and prac? ce, classical view has to do with an audience that is iden able age, demographics, religion is appropriate for and audience that we do not know. It helps writers prac? ce gramma? cal, logical, and rhetorical skills, as well as  thoughts of imita? on and persuasive communica? on. A cogni? ve view has to do with the way a writer transfers his ideas together to an unknown audience. In this view, writers analyze how people process and read the informa? on presented to them, in term the writer uses his mo? va? on to consider the level of his audience. A good example would be reading a textbook, the ideas designed to teach or inform unknown audiences. There are highlighted ideas as if a textbook would have to help guide you through the book to make it a whole. Social view is more speci?  c and dependent on what one is wri? ng. Social view style comes from some type of interac? on, which is predominantly used to a%ract readers on a speci? c topic from talking about things that audience is interested in. I thinking that maybe a social view would be like wri? ng a biography. Alterna? vely, maybe social media? The view that I o’en use in wri? ng is normally cogni? ve. due to the fact that I serve in the military I like to develop my ideas and thoughts ? rst, then guide my audience through my process and possibly to my conclusion.

Life in American Culture Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life in American Culture - Personal Statement Example I shifted from my home country, The Republic of Belarus, to America. The way of living, traditions and values of America were different from my home country. At first, I found it difficult and impossible to adjust there as I was very weak in English. The condition of my written and spoken English may be compared to the situation of mother's English in Amy Tan's novel. As Amy describes it "I can think of no way to describe it other than "broken," as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness and soundness" (62). I used to get irritated and annoyed while communicating to friends, teachers and other associates. The difference of language and accent made me feel low and helpless. My social circle was shortened to an extent that I felt isolated and lonely. This was the worst effect of moving from my native land to a new state. Some close associates even gave me their own narratives in my home land in which they told about the difficulties they faced whe n they moved to a new place. These narratives made me more conscious when interacting with other people and they had a negative effect on my interactive cycle as I tried to be more accurate when talking in English, although it was quite impossible for me to do that in the beginning. I used to be a high-spirited and fun loving girl. ... I was somehow compelled to learn English but the great experience of learning other's language was more enjoyable than going out with friends. It was more interesting to express your feelings in a diary or in the college magazine than making fun of others and killing time in watching a movie.The new culture taught me to live with the hardships and discrimination as described by different narratives put by my close aides. These narratives had made me so conscious that before interacting in the new culture I was prepared to have a negative reply. Furthermore the narratives made me shape my identity according to what was required by the people in the new culture. The sense of freedom in this kind of culture made me go taste the feeling of freedom for the first time in my life. In this new culture, I became more independent regarding my dressing, educational selection and job. I had no conservative people around to stop me from wearing any sort of dresses. I was no more bound to wear traditional dress of Belarus. It was a great experience to show your creativity in the selection of clothes. I was also free to choose any subject out of thousands of courses available at different universities in the U.S. Despite of these eases and comforts of independence I soon realized the importance of my homeland and my family. With the passing time I figured out that if I do not find a job I would soon have to leave for Belarus. With this thought I started seeking for a job. This was the first time I tried to take a step alone. I learnt to stand up after falling down. I learnt to achieve and work hard. I started caring about my bills and other expenses. This aspect of living in a new culture

18th-20th Century the growth of the three ideologies Essay

18th-20th Century the growth of the three ideologies - Essay Example The third part of the world subscribed to the authoritarian/ Fascist ideology. The western democracies such as the United States of America, Britain, Australia, France, New Zealand, Canada and other nations were based on an ideology known as liberal democracy. Countries such as Germany and Italy on the other hand were based on the authoritarian/ Fascist ideology even as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) represented the Marxist communist ideology. Liberal democracy is a political system that attempts to uphold and propagate civil liberties guarding them from interference from government, powerful entities, and institutions in the society. It controls the government’s involvement in matters that affect the citizens politically, morally and economically. This system operates based on four main principles; belief in individual (assuming that an individual is reasonable and moral); belief in reason and progress (assuming growth to be part of humanity); consensual theory of society; and a suspicion of concentrated forms of power (Australia Politics par. 3). The organization of liberal democracies is such that it defines and limits power, promoting a legitimate government through justice and liberty. In America, the constitution has always been used as a means of limiting power. Other measures put together in an attempt to control power include the separation of major government arms such as judiciary, legislation, and executive. On the other hand, the government requires huge support that it draws from an election system that frequently upholds popular, free and fair elections. Freedom is a fundamental aspect in this system, especially freedom of choice. The capacity to choose from options must be available. Besides that, the system must uphold respect for civil and political freedom. Certain countries such as Britain have a slightly different kind of democracy; it is a constitutional monarchy. In this system

Combinational and sequential logics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Combinational and sequential logics - Assignment Example The two binary digit full adders are found as the standard IC packages as 74LS283 and 74LS83 which add up and generate a CARRY and SUM output. Image for the two binary digits full adder Another very useful and a common combinational logic is that of one bit magnitude comparator. The comparator is comprised of the NOT, NOR, and AND logic gates. The logic gates compare the signals found in the input terminal and produce the output that depend on the input condition (Ross & Sheldon 75). For instance, despite adding and subtracting numbers, they are able to compare them and find if the value of A is smaller than, equal to, or greater than input B. The one bit magnitude comparator achieves this by using the above logic gates that use the mechanism of Boolean algebra. The one bit magnitude comparator comprises of the three terminals that act as the terminals. One is greater than A>B, equalityA=B, and less than A

Managing in a Strategic Business Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing in a Strategic Business Context - Essay Example An organization like HSBC Bank (especially Business Banking) believes that, if an organization follows like them the theories and concepts of the contemporary organizational context and the strategic management related to members, then it is not impossible to achieve the organizational goals accordingly. The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieve the objective of an organization. SWOT analysis distinguishes key pieces of information into two main categories3: The internal factors may be identified as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organization's objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another objective. The factors may include all of the 4P's 2 in accordance with personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may influence macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio-cultural changes, with the changes in the marketplace or competitive position. The results are usually represented in the form of a matrix. SWOT analysis is only method of categorisation and has its own weaknesses. For example, it may tend to persuade companies to compile lists rather than think about what is really important to achieve organizational goals. ... For example, it may tend to persuade companies to compile lists rather than think about what is really important to achieve organizational goals. It also represents the resulting lists simply and without clear prioritization so that, for example, weak opportunities may evolve to balance strong threats. Examples of Strengths and Weaknesses of HSBC Bank: Resources: Financial, intellectual and location are the strengths of the mentioned bank. Because HSBC Bank uses financial and intellectual resources to provide up to the mark services to the customers. Customer Service: As a service provider, customers are the main concern of HSBC Business Banking Sector. They believe that customers' satisfaction brings their success. They also assume this as their strength. Efficiency: Efficiency is the strength for the HSBC Bank as it ensures customers' satisfaction and organization's success. Quality: Quality is the strength for HSBC as they have good quality service. But in some cases they face it as weakness when they can't maintain the standard.Staff: In today's competitive market, inadequate number of staff is a weakness for HSBC. Management: HSBC Business Banking Sector works with Strategic Management, which helps them to work easily, and it is assumed as their strength that's why. Principles: HSBC Bank believes in good service providing to the customers in an effective and reasonable manner. This is the key component of their success. That's why they assume their principles as their strength of work. Examples of Opportunities and Threats of HSBC Bank3: Political/Legal: Political and legal unrest situations are often threats for the HSBC Business Banking Sector as it hampers their total management. Market Trends:

What to do with waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What to do with waste - Essay Example To imagine, the amount of wastes being generated in hundreds of million to billion tonnes per year on a global scale should be alarming to the point we could not at all afford to neglect the issue and show meager efforts toward resolution of the encompassing matter. Actually, no exact statistical figures convey the immense number that must be dealt with since there are unreported cases of waste generation in several countries yet we can only be certain of the fact that waste quantities increase as they vary in direct proportion with human activities, material and energy consumption, as well as the widely experienced technological growth through time. The world has long struggled at managing waste disposals and treating wastes due chiefly to insufficient funds and appropriate fields of study that lack resources in terms of skilled researchers or interested experts who may be visualized together as solid passionate teams in creating ideas and innovating systems that efficiently address waste problems. Given this ever-worsening scenario, thus, we are brought to ask in serious enthusiastic tone â€Å"What do we and can we really do about our wastes on this planet in order to save mother nature, human health, and probably settle other critical concerns thereafter?† At one aspect, we can think of the fossil fuel crisis that affects almost everyone in the world and consider the equivalence fossil fuels make with contemporary wastes. By common knowledge, we are aware that fossil fuels are derived from organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that undergo natural process of anaerobic decomposition. It normally takes 700 million years for decaying plant and animal matters to be fossilized upon exposure to extreme levels of heat and pressure. So how exactly would wastes, in relative measure, account for the risks of fossil fuel depletion? The point of advantage lies at discovering wastes as possible substitute for fossil fuels based on similar useful compo nents such as coal, natural gas, oil, or petroleum which may be recovered from a bulk of wastes’ organic composition. A successful content analysis must illustrate, by comparative studies, how wastes could feasibly become a good alternative for such non-renewable source of energy as their commonalities basically indicate that wastes are rich in carbon, hydrogen, and other elements capable of evolving heat energy upon combustive mechanisms. Once we have wholly figured such feasibility of producing energy with wastes through large volumetric yields of hydrocarbons, the next approach would be to come up with practical tools and methods relevant for the task. Hence, realizing the full potential of wastes in the context of possibly replacing fossil fuels should in part respond to the main query. Moreover, in the attempt to carry out energy conversions via exothermic reactions with wastes in solid and gaseous states, it would be necessary to establish medium to large-scale fuel pla nts just as what Dr. Martin Linck proposed to do in aiming for a 300,000-gallon per day production of fuel. An article written by Earth Times online columnist Dave Armstrong entitled â€Å"What to do with waste? Make our own fossil fuels!† notes Dr. Linck’s attendance and discourse during the 244th meeting of the American Chemical Society in Philadelphia where a scientific breakthrough known as the Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion Process (IH2) was introduced. According to Armstrong, â€Å"IH2 was developed by Dr. Linck’s Gas Technology Institute (GTI) in Des Plaines – Hydrogen from the waste and many cheaper catalysts move the processes by which the ‘feedstock’ raw materials are converted into the oily products.† Apparently, in this setting, wastes enter a type of modern technology which would manufacture gaseous hydrogen and oils as ready-to-use fuels. At this stage, we may further extend thought to the probability of ad opting designs for fuel production at optimum level and we may to some degree be glad on

Green and Gracious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Green and Gracious - Essay Example greases from machinery and equipment, used or leftover paints containing heavy metals or organic solvents, used or spent lead-acid batteries, used explosive tool cartridge. The responsible person (engineer or supervisor) shall determine the volume of concrete, in addition to determining the last balance area, to be used before placing an order. A material wastage control form shall be attached while ordering concrete. The responsible person (engineer or supervisor) shall ensure that the quantity of rebar delivered is in conformance with the order. Sub-contractors shall use cut and bent rebar on site as far as practicable. Shelter must be erected at site for safe storage of pre-packed cement by prevention of direct contact with sunlight or rain water. The responsible person (supervisor) shall be responsible for monitoring the quantity ordered and delivered on site. The responsible person (ECO or SO) shall record waste disposal, and maintain and update the waste register at each project. Wastes such as steel, concrete, or wood shall be recycled for minimization of waste disposal. The responsible person (ECO, SO, HS, SS) shall inform the PM or PIC if any irregularities such as mixing of wastes are discovered. The responsible person (PM or PIC) shall initiate EHS non-conformance, corrective and preventive action, and other necessary action for prevention of recurrence when there is failure in reduction of materials. The responsible person (QS) shall review and update the material quantity schedule based on project progress, and forward the revised material quantity schedule to the concerned personnel for monitoring. Metal formwork that can be re-used for several projects shall be used. Formwork shall be supported by aluminium â€Å"I† beams and steel rectangular hollow sections instead of timber sections. Precast pre-tensioned slab or hollow core slab shall be used as an integral slab system that also acts as a formwork system. The responsible person (PM) shall

War and Peace Among People and nations Research Paper

War and Peace Among People and nations - Research Paper Example War can be defined as organized conflict carried out by countries, states, organizations and even gangs. With war comes economic social and civil disruption and upset of power in society. War started out as small raids way before mankind’s civilization. Civilization according to the new world encyclopedia is where people live together as societies so as to form settled dwellings and cities. Before this, war was just for food and territory between a few. With civilization and the progress of mankind the reasons changed from physical to ideological as was seen in the world wars and more so in the cold war between capitalist and communist ideology. There many reasons why humans state and sovereign nations go to war. Natural Resources have been a key factor in most wars, land, minerals, money. The gulf war for example was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on 2nd August 1990. Some of the major reasons for the invasion as stated by the then President Saddam were that Kuw ait was in essence a province of Iraq. He was very bitter that Iraq remained landlocked and claimed that before the British colonialist drew up the boarders they were one with Kuwait. Another reason was that Kuwait was overproducing oil and exporting it at a lower price and it affected the market. This was generally not good for Iraq which had just come from the Iraq-Iran war. Her economy had weakened and she was deeply in debt. But there are also noble reasons why humans go to war. The united states civil war to liberate black Americans from slavery and to salvage a country and that is one of the major factor that has led to the prosperity of the united states of America. Humans also go to war to gain freedom from oppression and to stop human rights abuse this has been seen mostly in African countries through civil wars and uprisings against dictator’s and violent oppressors. In world war two, states went to war to stop Hitler who was responsible for mass killing and discrim ination in his country. The mass slaughter of innocent citizens pushed many people from all over the world to enlist into the war against the Nazi regime. Hitler’s mad regime had to be stopped at all cost. His declaration of war against France and Britain made him a threat to the people of the two nations . The USA justified it joining the gulf by stating it had geopolitical interest in the region and that the attack on sovereign Kuwait was unacceptable. In some cases justifications are vague allied interest tend to give the impression of an underling agenda. Extremist and terrorist groups criticize outside influence and blame it on the lack of prosperity and development in their own countries. Some have religious justification, they believe that certain groups of people are cursed because of diversity. War however is but one of many other ways to solve conflict. International sanctions is one method that has proven effective to countries and leaders who violate human rights and oppress there people. During the gulf war, the UN gave heavy sanctions that were carried out against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait. Navy blockades were placed all around to enforce the blockade. Sanctions are one way of ensuring that co-operation since they stopped the country’s import and export suffocating its economy and starving her. Germany too suffered huge loss to such a point that had to ration out food due to a British blockade that stop any ship

Is Social Networking an Effective Marketing Tool Essay Example for Free

Is Social Networking an Effective Marketing Tool Essay Marketing Strategies Many businesses have started to incorporate market strategies as a way of increasing profitability. Small business can create market strategies to target their market more effectively and have a competitive edge over competition. Lyndon Simkin, (2000) stated â€Å"If the â€Å"right† opportunities are pursued, customers are properly probed, the â€Å"right† customers targeted with a marketing proposition designed to give a business an edge over its rivals, it is highly likely that customers will be satisfied, market share will rise in core target markets and profitability will accordingly support a viable future. † Having a strategy in place will allow you to set objectives such as increasing your share of the market that your business currently is in. Market strategies for small businesses are to develop the growth of the company. Analysing you target market and introducing a way in which you can target this market. The following are how marketing strategy allows business to set objectives Current product/current market Market penetration is a strategy of increasing your share of existing markets. You might achieve this by raising customers awareness of your products and services or finding new customers. Current product/new market Market development is a strategy of finding and entering new markets with your current product or service range. The new market could be a new region, a new country or a new segment of the market. New product/current market Product development is a strategy for enhancing benefits you deliver to customers by improving your existing products and services or developing new ones. New product/new market Diversification is a strategy that usually carries high costs and high risks. It often requires firms to adopt new ways of doing business and so has consequences far beyond simply offering new products/services in a new market. It is therefore usually a strategy to be adopted when other options are not feasible. http://www.is4profit.com/business-advice/sales-marketing/marketing-strategy.html Marketing Tools Online There are many marketing tools available for businesses to use and utilising the best one to fully create brand awareness for your product is vital. Geoffrey J. Simmons, (2007) realises â€Å"Companies are finding that they are having to redefine their marketing and branding strategies due to the unique characteristics of the internet and its capacity to change old rules.†. Due to the growth of users using internet, marketing tools have been developed so that businesses can market their products online. Marketing online has been as an important way for business to create brand awareness and target customers effectively. Online advertisement is now seen as the most effective way of marketing therefore many different ways have been introduced to advertise on the internet. Amalesh Sharma, (2011) stated â€Å"The development of data intensive instruments, transformation of societal and relationship management, optimization of Search engine marketing, exclusive networking and other online resources are eliminating the traditional form of marketing.† Search Engine Optimization Marketing Search engines are seen as essential way of companies to be seen by potential customers. Kristin Kennedy, Bonnie Brayton Kennedy, (2008) stated â€Å"The key to being found by the right people at the right time lies with search engines. There are essentially two ways a customer will find a business site via a search engine, through an organic or a pay-per-click (PPC) listing.† Using a search engine you are allowing yourself to be found new customers but search engines don’t offer differentiation so many of your competitors can be listed alongside you therefore not giving your business the competitive edge. Search engine optimization can be a less effective way for small business as it is marketed alongside big companies which was found out by Kristin Kennedy, Bonnie Brayton Kennedy, (2008) they stated a â€Å"small manufacturer of gold jewelry will probably not get top billing over Tiffanys on the organic list, unless they spend a significant amount of time and money o n developing their web site design and advertising.† E-mail Marketing Small businesses have been using email marketing as a way of marketing their products and reaching out to the target market. Anita Jackson, Ray DeCormier,stated â€Å"E-mail offers a promising tool to enhance brand loyalty as it helps marketers keep in touch with their customers on a regular basis at low cost.† Small businesses are using this method to create and reach out to their target market. Using this mthod to market their business and product to create more brand awareness. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0263-4503volume=17issue=3articleid=854456show=html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1061-0421volume=13issue=7articleid=857868show=html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1751-5637volume=12issue=4articleid=1937676show=html Do you feel other ways of online marketing would benefit your company more? http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0263-4503volume=18issue=3articleid=854495show=html ) Lyndon Simkin, (2000) (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0263-4503volume=25issue=6articleid=1628110show=html#idb72) Geoffrey J. Simmons, (2007) .†( http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1751-5637volume=12issue=4articleid=1937676show=html ). Amalesh Sharma, (2011) Kristin Kennedy, Bonnie Brayton Kennedy, (2008) (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0140-9174volume=31issue=10articleid=1746719show=html)

Genetic Study of Olive Plants

Genetic Study of Olive Plants Introduction Oleaceae family comprises 24 genus which consists of 600 species and its members can be found all over the world. One of the first cultivated agricultural tree crops within Oleaceae family is the olive Olea europaea L which is usually used for production of table olives and edible oil. Olive is the native plant in coastal regions of Mediterranean and there are more than 86 varieties of Europea species found in Anatolia of Turkey. Turkey is known to be one of the largest producers of olive oil and the first producer of black table olive among all the countries in the world. Majority of the black table olive that produced by Turkey is the cultivar of Gemlik which represents 80% of the production. Therefore, many researches in Turkey are mainly focused on molecular and classical breeding program for Gemlik cultivar due to its economical importance. It is essential to have the genetic studies in olive plants in order to understand the genetic mechanisms and hence to improve the quality and quantity of products. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which are obtained from the single-pass complementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing can provide genetic information of an organism. Since EST is generated with gene that expressed at certain stage or tissue of organism, the information on mature transcripts for coding region of genome can be shown by EST. Hence, EST databases are useful for functional studies, gene and marker discovery, and gene mapping. Currently, EST libraries for more than 40 plant species are established for providing information that is important for functional genomics studies in which the putative functions of genes can be deduced by searching for homologies with known genes. Before this study, there were just around one thousand EST sequences which were available in GenBank database on February 2009. The EST studies for olives are obviously insufficient and lacking of sequence information may limit the genetic studies in olive plants. In this paper, two separate cDNA libraries which were constructed from young leaves and olive fruits for olive cultivar Gemlik were used to establish a rich EST collection. Clones which were obtained from the cDNA libraries were sequenced to generate ESTs. These sequences were assembled and clustered by using specific software and they were then deposited in GenBank database. Annotation of the generated EST sequences was performed using BLAST and BLAST2GO. Method of preparing Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database The research material used in this study was the olive (O. europea) cultivar Gemlik (G 20/1). The methodology that involved in preparing EST database for Olea europaea was described by Ozgenturk et al. (2010). Before constructing cDNA library, total RNA was isolated from young leaves and unripe olive fruits by using the RNA extraction kit. In this paper, RNeasy Plant Miniprep kit was used for total RNA extraction. Total RNA was treated with the Oligotex mRNA Mini Kit to obtain purified mRNA. The isolated mRNAs were collected and utilized for constructing two separate cDNA libraries. Since RNA molecules are very unstable and difficult to amplify, it is important to convert mRNAs into cDNAs which are more stable in order to analyse the information carried by mRNA molecules (Mullinax Sorge, 2003; Tovey, 2011). The cDNA libraries can be constructed with the isolated mRNAs by using a cDNA library construction kit and the CloneMiner cDNA Library Construction Kit was used in this paper. Briefly, a double-stranded cDNA (ds cDNA) was first synthesised from mRNA by using primers provided in the kit. For the first strand synthesis, biotin-attB2-Oligo(dT) primer bound to the poly(A) tail of mRNA and the mRNA was used as the template for reverse transcription by SuperScriptTM ΙΙ Reverse Transcriptase. The newly synthesised single-stranded cDNA (ss cDNA) served as the template for second strand synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase ÃŽâ„¢. attB1 sequence was then incorporated to the 5’ end of ds cDNA by attB1 Adapter. The synthesized ds cDNA was ligated into pDONR222 vector and transformed into competent E. coli strain DH5. The two cDNA libraries were plated onto LB-kanamycin agar plates. Individual colonies formed on the plates were picked into 384-well plates which containing SOB medium and incubated overnight. The cDNA libraries were then stored at -80 °C after adding with glycerol (10% v/v). Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were randomly selected for isolating plasmid DNA with alkaline lysis method. The isolated DNA was digested and insert size was identified by performing 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. In this paper, 3840 clones were randomly selected and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using M13 universal primers. The ABI 3730 capillary sequencer was used for automated sequencing of cDNA in order to generate ESTs. Results Two separate cDNA libraries were established with mRNA extracted from young leaves and fruits respectively. The average insert sizes for the leaf and fruit cDNA libraries were respectively 1.6 kb and 1.1 kb. The leaf cDNA library consisted of 2.4 Ãâ€" 106 clones and 2304 clones were selected for sequencing. Among 2.2 Ãâ€" 105 clones within olive fruit cDNA library, 1536 clones were sequenced. Therefore, altogether 3840 EST sequences were generated from cloned cDNA sequencing. In order to obtain high quality EST sequences, raw EST sequences were processed by using Phred software in which low-quality bases, vector, and adapter were removed. After processing, 106 low quality EST sequences were removed and the remaining 3734 ESTs were kept for contig assembly. Contig Assembly Program 3 (CAP3) was used to assemble leaf and fruit EST sequences into contigs. 205 contigs were generated from the assembling of 2228 leaf ESTs and 69 contigs were generated from 1506 fruit EST sequences assembly. The total numbers of contig and singleton that were established from these two libraries were 274 and 2478 respectively. Altogether 3734 ESTs and 249 high quality contigs were deposited in GenBank under the accession number GO242703 to GO246436 and EZ421546 to EZ421794 respectively. In order to designate annotation of the generated EST sequences, BLAST was performed on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) web server for searching gene homology. Six hundred thirty five EST’s unique gene sequences were found to have more than 80% homology with sequences of known function in the other species. Two thousand twenty four EST sequences have less than 80% homology to the expressed proteins, hypothetical proteins, putative uncharacterized proteins and unknown proteins in database. There are 1339 EST sequences that shown no homology with the sequences that exist in GenBank and about 96.9% of EST sequences that established in this study are different from that in the existing olive sequences database in NCBI. Therefore, these EST sequences can be considered as novel genes in O. europea. Besides BLAST analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation was performed for the contig sequences generated from the ESTs by using Blast2GO. GO terms were distributed among the biological process, molecular function and cellular component categories.

A Comparison of the Poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost Essay

The Poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost The poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost contains similar themes and ideas. Both poets attempt to romanticize nature and both speak of death and loneliness. Although they were more than fifty years apart, these two seem to be kindred spirits, poetically speaking. Both focus on the power of nature, death, and loneliness. The main way in which these two differ is in their differing use of tone. The power of nature is a recurring theme in the poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost. Dickinson uses this theme in her poem " `Nature' is what we see -." The power of nature is strongly portrayed in this poem by Dickinson's articulation of what the speaker see's in nature. " `Nature' is what we see -... / Nature is what we hear -... / Nature is what we know -" (277 lines 1,5,9). Nature is everything to a person, it appeals to all senses. Dickinson also says in this poem, "So impotent Our Wisdom is / To her Simplicity" (277). The speaker is saying that nature has such great power that one can't even comprehend her simplest ways. In ... ...466. -------- "Birches." American Literature. New York: Scribner Laidlaw. 1989. p472,473. -------- "Fire and Ice" American Literature. New York: Scribner Laidlaw. 1989. p466. Freeman, Margaret. "Metaphor Making Meaning: Dickinson's Conceptual Universe." Journal of Pragmatics 24 (1995): 643-666. Nesteruk, Peter. "The Many Deaths of Emily Dickinson." Emily Dickinson journal 6.1 (1997): 25-44. White, Fred D. "`Sweet Skepticism of the Heart': Science in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson." College Literature 19.1 (Feb 1992): 121-128.

geopolitical enviroment in Ireland :: essays research papers

GEOPLITICAL ENVIROMENT The Irish government been stable since it’s foundation of state in 1921, before the foundation of Irish state, the Irish was a body of UK starting 1801 with complete participation in the parliament. Current Ireland has fully written constitutions that separate courts, parliament and executive. Furthermore, Ireland provides property right under the Irish constitutions as well as European Court of Justice. Ireland political parties on the other hand had been supporters of pro business which lead the country to one of the fastest growing economy earning the Irish a nick name Celtic tigers in the 21st century. Ireland’s economy had 80% growth in the last decade with a current GDP per capital 122 % with GDP growth rate totaled 6.3 of European average. However inflation seems to be a concern because of 4.7% rate which stands over the EU average. All major political parties of Ireland are pro business that create business friendly environment, especially for foreign investment . The Ahern government cut Ireland corporate tax rat form 16% to 12.5% in 2003 below EU 30% rate. This glories effort by the Irish government made Ireland the most attractive place for U.S. investors by receiving one third of U.S. investment in Europe specifically in the computer, software, and engineering industries. The relationship with U.S. investor’s and Irish government is constructed very strongly that U.S. investors invest three times in Ireland than Netherlands which is the second largest U.S. investment located in E.U. barriers to investment in Ireland are minimal with restrictions applying for agricultural land and Irish airlines. There are no other restrictions concerning transfers, repatriation of profits, and access to foreign exchange. Permission may apply for countries that are not in E.U. economic area. Companies have also competitive advantage based on highly educated task force with 35% graduate of science and engineering compared to 26% average in E.U. Ire land also leads in terms of the number of science and engineering graduates as proportion of the population aged 20-34 in 2000 (16.3 per thousand compared to an EU average of 6.8 per thousand).

Changing social diversity in the United States Essay

As USA is a land of opportunities, millions of people of different origin have migrated to the country and settled there, thus changing the social and cultural diversity of the nation. Children at the young age face problem as they get exposed to two sets of language and culture at school and home. A massive increase in Hispanic population has increased the importance of Spanish language and more businesses related to Spanish have come up. But this Hispanic population has no difficulty in accepting English as their main language. The uniqueness of the immigration is that everybody wants to get integrated into American mainstream. Changing diversity in USA 3 Changing social diversity in the United States As United States is known as the land of opportunities for many decades, millions of people had migrated to this country since long time. It has been mentioned in the website http://www. sedl. org/pubs/sedletter/v12n02/2. html that the make up of the US population has changed so much over the last three decades that the definition of diversity has itself got transformed in the process. It has also been stated that for the first time in the US census held in 2000, individuals were allowed to tick on more than one race in the form. Due to this change in diversity, cultural and socioeconomic factors are now becoming increasingly important while interacting in the society. The website http://www. naeyc. org/about/positions/pdf/psdiv98. pdf deals with the problem children faces in schools due to increased linguistic and cultural diversities. To quote from the above mentioned website, â€Å"At younger ages, children are negotiating difficult transitions between their home and educational settings, requiring an adaptation to two or more diverse sets of rules, values, expectations, and behaviors. † If the child forgets his home language, it may cause disruption in family communication methods. Thus families are facing increasingly complex responsibilities. The website http://knowledge. allianz. com/en/globalissues/demographic_change/gender_diversity/hispanics_integration_us. html states that there has been a massive growth in Hispanic population in the USA and most of them have accepted English as their main language. But the importance of Spanish is also growing as many newspapers have come up in Spanish and Hispanic related businesses are growing in the United States. Changing diversity in USA Reference List 1) Responding to Linguistic and Cultural Diversity Recommendations for Effective Early Childhood Education; in National Association for the Education of Young Children adopted November 1995; Retrieved on 13th March 2009 from the website < http://www.naeyc. org/about/positions/pdf/psdiv98. pdf > 2) A Changing Nation: The Impact of Linguistic and Cultural Diversity on Education by Kathleen Trail ; SED letter Volume XII Number 2 December 2000; Retrieved on 13th March 2009 from the website 3) Ethnic Business in a Changing America, Allianz Knowledge Partner site, published on September 11, 2007; Retrieved on 13th March 2009 from the website < http://knowledge. allianz. com/en/globalissues/demographic_change/gender_diversity/hispanics_integration_us. html >

How We Define Ourselves as Humans

How do we define ourselves as Humans? Name: Instructor or Class: September 10, 2009 This paper discusses what it means to be human, and the importance of the human’s responsibilities in life. It is important to fulfill the responsibilities as humans, and to explore all of the options and possibilities that the human’s short life has to hold. Plato saw man's true nature as rational and believed that civilized society must be organized, and civilized life conducted according to rational principles. Plato and Russell stated that to be human is to wonder and explore the intellectual possibilities of life. I believe that this is the correct philosophy on life, and the human race should wish to explore all of their intellectual possibilities and responsibilities. Plato once said, â€Å"Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge. † It is essential to understand why humans are here on earth, and what their responsibilities are. Humans desire to be healthy, happy and to have freedom. Russell said â€Å"happiness of mankind  should be the aim of all actions†. Humans use their emotions to express ones desire and to show others what they want and who they are. Humans use knowledge to live out their life goals and fulfill their responsibilities. I believe that Plato and Russell were correct in their statement, because to be human should be to explore all the possibilities that there are in the world. What would the world be if we did not try to understand life, and to make the most of oneself? Since the beginning of civilization, man has always been provoked and motivated by the need to make progress and development. This necessity has led to great advancement in technology and how the human race lives day to day. If humans did not have this motivation, they might all be cavemen living outdoors hunting for food and water. What would the earth be like if Thomas Edison was no motivated to create the light bulb? What would the world be like if people did not have the motivation to develop our basic necessities of everyday life? The â€Å"what if† questions could be endless in this topic, but the main explanation here is that humans have the need and responsibility to develop. Humans were made to wonder and explore life. The possible objections to Plato and Russell’s theory would be that humans are to live life under restrictions and follow what we are told to do. Some may say that the consequences of human actions may deplete our resources and kill off the human race. My rebuttal for this, is what if humans did not try? If someone did not try to make the world the best and strive for the best, humans might not have survived as long as they have. It is possible that without the technology that they have explored and created, the human race would not have made it this far and become extinct. For the people who strictly believe that the other philosopher’s statements that the instructor has allowed us to view are the only form of truth, are forcing humans to limitations. They say that humans must follow moderation and live to duty, which forms some truth, but not all. Humans have never or will never force themselves to limitations, because if they did people would have never created the vast life forms that they have. Humanity would possibly be without power, without running water, and without other every day necessities if they would have restricted themselves to moderation. This is common in third world countries that have not organized and developed themselves as far as the United States and other first world countries. People of the world have obviously agreed to this philosophy with or without knowing, because look at how the lives that they have developed as humans. Humans live day to day full of technology and necessities because the people of their ancestry have explored all of their intellectual possibilities and are striving to do more. In conclusion to Plato and Russell’s philosophy I would like to add that I feel that being a human means to live life to its fullest, be happy, healthy and find unconditional love. To find all of these qualities, the human race has to have wisdom and knowledge. It takes time to fulfill life’s goals and responsibilities, but as Plato once said, â€Å"Never discourage anyone who continually makes progress, no matter how slow. † I feel that over time the definition being humans will change, yet the one part that will stay the same is that humans will always strive for excellence to find happy, healthy lives.

Blake is the enemy of all authority(TM) Essay

Blake’s poetry often serves to propagate his anti-authoritarian views and loathing of institutional power. Furthermore, his views often impress upon the reader his belief in the human right for both spiritual and social freedom, unconstrained by established convention. Blake’s treatment of the institution of the church and religion is often contemptuous and shows his attitude to what he sees as the hypocrisy of an uncompromising establishment which in his eyes causes misery, rather than nurturing the human sole. In ‘The Garden of Love’ Blake conveys his anti-clerical message in the stanza â€Å"the gates of this chapel were shut† and reflects his view of the church as exclusionary. Moreover, the â€Å"shut† gates imply that the path to heaven and God does not start at the foot of the alter, but in individual belief and spirituality. The idea is further reinforced in the poem by the image of priests â€Å"binding with briars my joys and desires† and thereby placing the priests in the position of Christ’s oppressors, making them seem malevolent in robbing people of their natural joyful impulse. The alliteration and assonance within the â€Å"binding with briars† further reinforces the idea of a cruel path to supposed salvation. ‘The Marriage of Heaven and Hell’ challenges traditional Christian theology and makes the statement that â€Å"Prisons are built with stones of Law, Brothels with bricks of Religion†, this conveys his belief that whilst society may restrain immorality, religion can create it. The â€Å"prisons†¦ built with stones of law† also symbolise how traditional doctrinal teaching has imprisoned personal individuality. Furthermore â€Å"Good is the passive which obeys reason. Evil is the active springing from energy† epitomises the teaching of the Church of Blake’s time and is contrary to the sentiments of most contemporary readers in an age prizing individuality and condemnatory of passive indolence. â€Å"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell† was composed after the 1789 French Revolution and in a period of radical ideological and political conflict, therefore Blake’s condemnation of apathy is aimed to promulgate his vision of anarchic energy free from the restrain of authority. â€Å"Reason is the bound or outward circumference of energy† suggests that living purely through one’s intellect is what constrains boundless energy, which to him is â€Å"eternal delight†. So in this respect it is evident that the traditional authority given to rationality is seen as preventative to living life to its full as â€Å"the restrainer or reason†¦ governs the unwilling†. This indicates Blake’s view that the natural human instinct is to oppose reason and that to act according to reason is tantamount to acting under duress, in the mistaken belief that to oppose reason is to go against the â€Å"Good [which] is the passive that obeys reason†. In the poem â€Å"The school Boy† Blake condemns school- an institution which tries to teach reason as restricting the childs’ vivacity in his natural environment. â€Å"How can the bird that is born for joy sit in a cage and sing? † is a metaphor for human imprisonment to show that the environment of the classroom cannot cultivate the unrestrained and joyful energy which Blake reveres. This is in contrast to â€Å"the sky-lark [which] sings† with the boy when he â€Å"rise[s] in a summer morn When the birds sing on every tree†. This illustrates the bucolic setting, filled with aural imagery and how joy prevails in the boundless confines of nature. The repression of man-created institutions such as school can be contrasted to the freedom provided by nature, where arguably God is the only authority. The nurses song centres on the liberating environment of nature where â€Å"the voices of children are heard on the green and laughing is heard on the hill†. This evokes the abundance of delight created by God’s creation of the natural world and how in Blake’s time the idyllic countryside of England was yet largely unspoiled by large, polluting manufacturers seeking profit maximisation. The laughing of the children in â€Å"The Nurse’s Song† almost becomes as natural as the song of â€Å"the little birds† and shows that in such pastoral surroundings the children’s freedom is boundless just as that of the birds. However, this freedom is circumscribed by the watchful nurse in â€Å"The Nurses Song† in ‘Song’s of Experience’ who reprimands the children saying â€Å"your spring and your day are wasted in play† and in contrast to the well intentioned protection of the children in the first â€Å"Nurse’s Song†, this poem presages the eventual loss of the children’s natural freedom. However, Blake does not oppose parental authority arising from love, that is in the best interests of the child. Whilst he may rightfully condemn the parents in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† (experience) who â€Å"clothed†¦ [their child] in the clothes of death And taught†¦ [him] to sing the notes of woe†, this is because they are uncaring and hostile to their child’s happiness that is anathema to them. Consequently, their authority is destructive and oppressive. But, Blake does not condemn the guiding role of the mother in â€Å"The Little Black Boy†, who â€Å"taught†¦ [him] underneath a tree†, as her teaching is not institutionalised and rigidly doctrinal, but done outdoors in the natural environment that Blake so venerates. Moreover, at a time when slavery was still legal in England and the general perception of other races was of a racist sort, Blake’s portrayal of the boy and his mother in an affectionate manner, devoid of savagery would have challenged the notions of his day. In another radical step away from the customs of his time the introduction to Songs of Innocence gives authority to the child, to which the piper assents. † ‘Pipe a song about a lamb. ‘/ So I piped with merry cheer† paints the child was the origin of creativity and beautiful, with the piper as his instrument. The reference to the lamb suggests that the child has a moral and spiritual purpose and that his youthful innocence makes him more adept than the piper to whom he shoes how to convey the message through song. However the transience of the child’s authority is conveyed in the words â€Å"so he vanished from my sight† which re-establishes the reality of Blake’s time when children were powerless to resist the demands of their elders and could not dictate their own wishes or destinies. Blake’s focus on authority is intended to make a social and political statement about the customs of his day. Arguably, he does not oppose all authority but merely the kind arising from self-interest and requiring the sacrifice of fellow human beings. His poetry advocates individuality and unrestrained vivacity for life rare for his time and fundamentally preaches unbridled equality.

Discrimination Concerning African Americans Essay

  Differences in race lead to divergent levels of economic development within the United States. Analysts often try to explain this phenomenon by observing a specific ethnic group’s tradition and cultural ideology. Economists expand their analysis on the economic behaviors of African Americans by taking into consideration personal histories and value systems of the group under study. American families measure economic status in terms of income, and factors associated with material security as a whole. These factors may consist of health care, college funds, and retirement plans. However, African American families lag well behind when conceptualizing economic development under these terms. The reason is due to numerous instances of discrimination that occur in the U. S. Many of America’s public policies aid in the underdevelopment of non-white families. Increased economic development within America is the key to upward political and social mobility. If minorities are denied inevitable rights to equality, access to economic development becomes a highly difficult process. Despite America’s idealized view on equal opportunity, it is valid to assume that economic security has been limited on the basis of race. Therefore, it is important to investigate why white American families are economically better-off than non-white American families. One must take into account aspects of political participation, education, and the number of children a family has in the home in order to understand this research question. Contemporary Viewpoints: The lack of political participation of minority groups is a prevalent issue within the United States, explaining why non-white American families are less economically developed when compared to white American families. According to Douglas S. Massey (1995), minority families increasingly speak languages and bear cultures quite different than the established norms within the U. S. regime. He has found that ethnic groups carry their customs into new generations, leading many non-white families to become displaced and impoverished. Brinck Kerr and Will Miller (1997) believe that it is necessary for non-white American families to participate in elections in order to obtain equal representation that they are now lacking. They go on to say that political representation is the key to higher employment levels, and is a significant determinant to the minority share of professional positions. William H. Frey (1996) finds that immigrants usually encounter highly stratified society characterized by high income inequality leaving little room for upward mobility. In addition, Paula D. Mcklain (1990) assumes that non-white American families will continue to reside in low economic subcultures that are institutionally incomplete if they are represented at much lower ratios relative to the population portions of whites. Susan Welch (1990) has found that minority groups have not even achieved half their population proportions in political elections. These numbers are even lower than what they were a decade ago. She states that other factors that lead to low political participation within minority groups is that a substantial number of non-white American families are not citizens, and therefore are not eligible to vote. Also, Massey has found that America enacts policies that hinder the socioeconomic status of immigrants for they are underrepresented at virtually all levels and institutions in United States government. Moreover, Friedberg and Hunt (1995) have found that non-white American families receive less benefits than white families because of geographic segregation within the community. The various dispersion of minority families in different low-income areas within the U. S. makes it difficult for these families to be represented proportionally. Consequently, Rodney E. Hero and Caroline J. Tolbert (1995) believe minority families can now be easily manipulated by government because they are not equally accounted for. Therefore, non-white American families are not able to take advantage of economically developed determinants such as health care and retirement funds. The inscription of the Statue of liberty expresses to the world to â€Å"give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free†¦. † America continuously contradicts itself on the validity of this concept due to the increasingly economic tension between Caucasian and non-white families. Friedberg and Hunt (1995) give the example of Proposition 187, which makes many non-white American families ineligible for certain services such as public health. Non-white American families are not given the opportunity to take advantage of benefactors the U. S. offers to white American families. Therefore, Non-white American families lack of political participation, and unequal representation in governmental institutions and legislative bodies, leads them to be less economically developed than white American families. Education is another obstacle to economic development that non-white families face. Education is a vital tool to economic security. However, Melissa Marschall (1997) has found that current policies demonstrate minorities have been denied equal access to education. She has found that assignment systems based on assessments of language deficiencies or other individual needs are used to separate non-whites from whites. According to Jeffrey J. Mondack and Diana C. Mutz (1997), inequitable school financing is equally detrimental to non-white students. Funding for public schools comes from property taxes. They go along to say that predomintly non-white schools tend to be in central inner city school districts which have a smaller property tax base. In addition, the Office of Civil Rights has identified practices that are termed â€Å"second generation school discrimination†. Practices such as ability grouping, suspensions, and tracking may appear on the surface to be normal educational practices. When examining these components closer, Brick Kerr and Will Miller (1997) have found they have a negative impact on minority students. Ability grouping is a form of segregation that separates minority students from whites. They have found that before even attempting to teach non-white students, they are diagnosed with having linguistic or intellectual problems. The students are therefore required to take special and bilingual classes, making it difficult for them to succeed. According to Robert E. England (1986), non-white students are many times pulled out of regular classes and placed into bilingual classes only on the basis of ethnicity rather than their understanding of English. Brick and Miller go on to explain that suspensions are a second tactic used to encourage the failure of minority students in school. Non-white students are given more harsh disciplinary sentences than white students. Moreover, studies show that the ratio of minority students kicked out of school is disproportionately higher than whites, making the students more likely to drop out. Marschall has found that schools also advocate differences in ability grouping and discipline, leading to distinctions in tracking between non-whites and whites. The majority white students in high ability groups are often counseled to choose college preparatory tracks. However, minorities in low ability groups are counseled into vocational or general tracks, making them less likely to attend post-secondary education. Mondack and Mutz believe that the overall pattern of racial inequality the school system has created makes non-whites less likely to receive a quality education than whites. This truth makes it difficult for economic development to occur within non-white American families. The number of children in a family lead to increased poverty levels and low economic development within non-white American families. M. Klitsch (1990) has found that minority women have children at an extensively higher rate than that of white women. Also, he states that non-white women represent a small percentage of the population, however they account for a greater number of births. Alejandro Portes and Cynthia Truelove (1987) go on to say that non-white families are generally poorer than white families because of the higher number of children in the home. This leads them to be more likely to live below the poverty line. In addition, Genevieve M. Kenney and Nancy E. Reichman (1998) have found the population of non-whites increases faster than whites every year due to high fertility rates. Similarly, the two have found that fertility rates of non-whites families living in impoverished communities is almost double compared to white families. Klitsch has found that non-white families have an estimated 5. 5 people to a household, while white families only 3. 8. Therefore, these high rates lead to low socioeconomic status, and limited opportunities to increase economic security. According to Kenney and Reichman, the high fertility rates are due to low percentages of minorities who use contraceptives. They have also found that non-white women are less likely to have an abortion than white women. One might view this as a positive aspect. However, Portes and Truelove believe that one must take into account the over a quarter of minority families who have an income below the federal poverty line, which is almost one half greater than those of white families. Therefore, the high number of children within non-white American families make them more likely to experience economic deprivation than white American families. There has been an abundance of scholarly research previously conducted on the economic differences between white and non-white American families. They usually consist of data sources such as the U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the U. S. bureau of the Census. The Foreign Born Population of the United States and Statistical Reports are used with the previously listed sources to compare ethnic groups (Friedberg and Hunt, pg. 5). These databases yield cross-sectional designs that develop into time series reports in order to make assumptions on variables dealing with GNP and income, proving distinct differences in the races under study. For instance, researchers assume that white families are more economically developed than non-whites. This is because the average white American family makes $44,000 a year, and the average non-white American family does not make half this amount (6-7). These figures are valid in drawing conclusions about correlative relationships, satisfying important ideological factors necessary to study when dealing with the dependent variable of race. A more effective method of analysis was a study derived from interviews in a low income Los Angeles county. The participants were white and non-white females. The study was conducted between January 1984 and May 1985 (M. Kitsch, 136-137). In addition, the sample consisted of a three-stage cluster of census tracks, blocks, and household addresses. This cross-sectional design embodied research dealing with fertility rates of different races. The minority women proved to have higher fertility rates in low income sectors, leading Klitsch to question the different ways non-white American families conceptualize economic development. Non-white American families have to deal with numerous accounts of racial discrimination. It is difficult for a non-white American family to become economically stable in terms of income and security plans. The reason is due to being a minority in a predominately white America. Therefore, non-white American families are less economically developed than white American families because: H1 non-white American families are less likely to participate in elections than white American families. H2 non-white Americans are more likely to be discriminated against in school than white Americans. H3 the more children in a household, the more likely a family will be economically deprived. Implications and Conclusion: Education, political participation, and the number of children a family has all affect the levels of economic development within the household for white American families. Even though education levels has a stronger affect toward higher levels of income, when the three variables are measured together, they are all highly statistically significant. In non-white American homes, education levels appears to be the key determinant of their economic status. Further test need to be measured in reference to how the number of children a family has and political participation affect the economic security of non-white American families. With this, the above hypotheses will prove to have more validity. However, in both cases it was important to measure education, the number of children a family has, and political participation together in order to understand the affect these variables have on each other, and how this affect leads to higher or lower levels of economic development within the family. These multivariate studies are also important in predicting the affect the independent variables will have on total family income in the future. It can be assumed that the highest year of school completed will continue to have a strong affect toward economic development in the future for both white and non-white American families. In addition, the number of children in a white American family and their political participation are significant variables to measure when determining their economic standpoint in future years to come. There are alternative approaches to identifying explanations to why non-white American families are less economically developed than white American families. One example is the difference in income between non-white and white American families who have single parents and ones that have two parents. Another alternative approach is identifying education as only an antecedent variable, and observing how it relates to occupation, the true independent variable under study. From here, one can observe how economic development is related to a person’s occupation within the home. As anyone who walks the streets of America’s largest cities knows, there has been a profound transformation of different ethnic cultures within the United States. The rapidity of the change has led to growing competition of economic development between white and non-white American families. This competition has lead to ethnic prejudice and discrimination as the United States continues to assimilate into the melting pot for the American dream. Political participation, education, and the number of children within the home are variables that allow the transition to become a less arduous process for white American families. However, if non-white American families continue to do poorly in terms of economic development because of these variables, non-whites will continue to lag behind the income scale in comparison to whites. Research along these lines will lead to the study of relative differences between ethnic cultures. An example is the discovery of why almost half the number of minorities return to their country of origin after experiences of economic injustice. Previous research may also benefit other analysis in the field of economics by itemizing fertility rates in terms of the higher number of non-white American families who lack the finances to properly nourish their children. These new variables along with my research can in time become valid determinants in explaining why white American families are economically better off that non-white American families.

Authentic Leadership Essay

Thus, one of the most important lessons on how to become an authentic leader is to be able to be one’s true self. It is about being uniquely yourself and being comfortable in your own skin. The fastest way to reach a point where one is comfortable in their own skin, is by searching deeply to understand and know who you truly are. Once you have discovered who you truly are, in order to be an authentic leader, you must endeavour to be that person who you know you have always been destined to be (Spence 2008). In order to give an understanding of how one becomes an authentic business leader, I have broken down the suggestions into ten components that authentic leaders must accomplish on a regular basis. This was the same approach taken by Spence (2008), and support of these action items is given from other articles. Always speak the truth An authentic leader must consistently speak the truth and this entails being clear, honest and authentic. This also means that you must have the strength of character to respond transparently to moral dilemmas because authentic leaders become ethical role models for their teams (Gardner and Schermerhorn 2004). A poll taken by Time/CNN some years ago reported that 71% of those polled felt that the typical CEO was less honest and ethical than the average person. A young leader must behave in a manner that makes them worthy of trust, reliance and belief in order to be deemed authentic. The leader must also be of the highest integrity and committed to building enduring organisations. A deep sense of purpose must guide their actions and they must always be true to their core values (George 2007). Integrity, stewardship and sound governance are essential. Human Resources Management BUSA 5059 (J. Ruwodo) Authentic Leadership Page 3 Author: Joy Ruwodo Date: Monday, May 25, 2009 Lead from the heart It is crucial that all leaders understand that they cannot run a business or organization on their own. People within the organisation are largely responsible for making the organisational clock tick. Thus, leadership is about people. In order to be an authentic leader, a leader needs to be able to make a difference to the lives of the people he serves and in so doing, make a difference to the world. You must be more interested in empowering the people you lead to make a difference than in money, power or prestige for yourself. You must be guided by qualities of the heart, passion and compassion, as well as by qualities of the mind (George 2007). A trait associated to compassion that a leader must have is empathy – the ability to relate and to connect with people for the purpose of inspiring and empowering their lives (Winfrey 2007). It is also vital to be willing to show vulnerability and to be open to corrective feedback which you can use to ensure continuous improvement for yourself (Geller 2007). Have a rich moral fibre Strength of character gives a leader a positive edge which can be recognised by anyone they interact with. A leader must be willing to work on their character and â€Å"walk the talk†. Such a solid character is more important than charisma. The leader’s public persona and private core must not be at odds, they must be aligned. Follow through is important. What is said in the public eye and what your corporate does must always tie up. Be courageous In order to become an authentic leader, one must be willing to do what is right always; even if it means going against the crowd.

NIH and WebMD Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NIH and WebMD Websites - Essay Example The secondary audience for NIH could include NIH employees, the general public including young and old people who have the ability to read. Medical students and individuals seeking administrative work, fellowship programs, and executive careers among others may also find information on NIH website useful. Partaking in NIH’s clinical trials is also eligible to people of any age irrespective of their health status. Practicing medical experts and fitness specialists may also use WebMD when peer reviewing some of the medical and fitness information contained on the website. Additionally, health communication specialists and bloggers of health issues may also use the website as a reference when reporting on different medical conditions. This is because the website contains diverse range of health related information. Both NIH and WebMD use claims in striking rapport with their primary audience.  NIH, for instance, claims to be America’s leading supporter of medical researc h that transforms discovery into health. NIH’s mission is an example of logos that appeal to its primary user’s logical reasoning on the benefits on research on health. In addition, the website establishes a connection with the audience through social media sites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter blog as well as through their email and RSS feeds. Additionally, information links and navigational bar on the homepage is conspicuously designed for users’ ease of specific information search within the website.

Implement and monitor nursing care for consumers with mental health Assignment

Implement and monitor nursing care for consumers with mental health conditions - Assignment Example Anderson’s condition and also discuss the important related functions and interventions which shall then be implemented by this nurse in order to appropriately address Mr. Anderson’s mental health problem. I have different responsibilities as far as Mr. Anderson is concerned. First and foremost, I have to recognize and accept the client as an individual (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). He is a person who is apart from everyone else; he has individual thoughts, emotions, and experiences which make him unique. This recognition would prompt me to treat and manage his case based on his individual circumstances, not based on generally prescribed interventions for patients manifesting his symptoms. Another responsibility that I need to fill in behalf of my client is to be his advocate (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). Since, he is not in the best position to care for his needs, my role would be to ensure that his rights and needs as a patient are protected and cared for. My role as a patient advocate would involve â€Å"acting on the client’s behalf when he or she cannot do so† (Videbeck, 2008, p. 96). As a nurse, my role in Mr. Anderson’s case is also to assess and plan his care (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). This assessment should be conducted in a detailed manner and in a manner appropriate to Mr. Anderson’s needs and condition. The assessment process shall be discussed in detail in the paragraphs that would follow. My role as a nurse would also involve â€Å"accepting the client’s perceptions and expressions of discomfort† (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). I have to accept that my client’s expression of discomfort are legitimate expressions without having him prove to me that he is really feeling that way. This would help establish trust and confidence between myself and Mr. Anderson and it would help him open up more about his feelings. Another responsibility I have is to respect Mr.

The body is a tool through which to construct the self Essay

The body is a tool through which to construct the self - Essay Example The concept of using the body to represent ideas about the self is quite ancient. Not all citizens have always had the chance to express their true selves through their bodies. For instance, for a long time, it was male artists who defined feminine qualities because women were not expected to have any ideas about the functions of their own bodies. Male artists would produce idealisations of the female shape that were not accurate. This affected how women perceived themselves. It is important for all individuals to feel that they can express their identities through their bodies without being held to a pre-established false standard of themselves. The body was used as a canvas for self-expression by the earliest humans that existed 30,000 years ago. According to Grezes, Pichon, and de Gelder (2007), archaeologists have found ochre deposits and handprints in caves in different parts of the world that are indicative of body painting functions. Ancient burial mounds of civilisations that existed thousands of years ago also show indications of body changing operations such as flattened skulls, or elongated heads. This proves that ancient civilisations engaged in head shaping practices to express aspects that their communities believed in. From such characteristics, it is obvious that even in ancient civilisations community members would make marks on their bodies that were expressions of social status, individuality, or cultural identity. People did not just construct their selves through their bodies by means of markings, however. They also used socially accepted forms of body expression such as dance. According to Hogan and Strasburger (2008), dance includes the physical movement of the body to the accompaniment of music. It is accurate to say that dance has been used as a way of one or more individuals communicating with others. Before the invention of written language, many communities would use dance to express themselves and even communicate stories between

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political science - Essay Example Firstly, and perhaps most importantly, the reader should come to a full and complete understanding and appreciation for the fact that poaching in and of itself should not be held as the highest representation of the Democratic process. For instance, there are many highly undemocratic nations around the world to participate in the voting. For instance, history is replete with examples of nations that it held fraudulent elections as a means of seeking to convince the respective stakeholders within their societies that their governments is ultimately legitimate. Within such a function, the voting process in and of itself cannot and should not be understood to be defined as the true lifeblood of a democracy (Lever 225). Rather, voting is merely an exhibition of the good faith that the stakeholders within society understand their role with relation to the governing authority. For instance, although the United States might wish to believe that it exhibits the highest level of democracy wit hin the world, the fact of the matter is quite the contrary. Ultimately, only two choices are given with regards to the political party affiliation that the candidates have to offer. Naturally, there is also the political affiliation of independent; however this is rarely used. Whereas compared to the other nations in the world, a litany of political parties help to define the way in which key interests of the populace are illustrated, the United States system only allows for choice between two political parties. In such a way, the level and extent to which voting within such a two-party/limited system serves to be the lifeblood of democracy ultimately comes under a high level of scrutiny (Coley 6). Naturally, voting within such a context is necessarily cheapened as compared to voting within a context where greater level of choice exists. Ultimately, the point that should most be understood within the preceding analysis is with regards to the fact the process of voting in and of its elf does not guarantee democracy anymore than evidence of political opposition disproves the evidence of a dictatorship. More importantly, with respect to the American system of governance, the main objective that this author has is with regards to the level and extent of the knowledge base that the voters are bringing to the election cycles. Although it is oftentimes been the case that scholars have looked down upon the average voter as misinformed and ultimately provincial, statistics in recent years have underscored the fact that the American voting populace is becoming increasingly clueless with regards to both the domestic political situation and the global realities that define the world in which we live. Within such an understanding, the process of voting itself must be understood to be of secondary or even tertiary importance as compared to the level of information and for knowledge that the voter himself/herself is able to exhibit with regards to the many issues that inform different elections that take place within a democracy. Whereas it is not the purpose of this analysis to advocate any type of a poll tax or regression into many of the previously practiced

Conservation Easements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conservation Easements - Research Paper Example A conservation easement is a restriction land owners voluntarily put on themselves on specified uses of property to preserve natural, cultural or productive features (Parker). The conservation easement is made official by a legal agreement between the land owner and the ‘holder’ of the easement. A conservation easement usually takes place between individuals, governments or not for profit organizations. It must be noted that the conservation easement does not deprive the owner of legal ownership and grants him the right to determine the type of land uses to continue and those to restrict. The holder of the right is granted the authority to assess the condition of the property to ensure that it is in accordance with terms of the agreement (Merenlender, Huntsinger and Guthey). Conservation easement based acquisition is largely a voluntary method that hinges on private ownership and management of land aimed to meet conservation costs, thus avoiding high financial cost and p olitical difficulties associated with public acquisition and management. (Merenlender, Huntsinger and Guthey). These agreements are usually perpetual and the financial incentives associated with such agreements depend on the compliance with terms of agreements. Land Trusts: - Land trusts are local, regional or national nonprofit organizations that work to preserve the land for its natural, agricultural, historical, scientific or leisure value. These trusts work with land owners to verify the easement agreement and finalize the financial benefits due to the owner. Once agreed, they monitor and assess the property and ensure that the terms of the agreement are abided by. Legal action can be initiated by the trust if violations are observed on the part of the owner. It is essential for the land owner to select an organization that has the financial capacity to handle long term responsibilities. Goal and Importance of Conservation Easements: - Conservation easement is a unique tool that enables land owners to conserve their property for natural, productive or cultural features along with tax benefits in case of voluntary payments. In a vastly changing economy and economic uncertainty, land owners are allowed to preserve their real estate to pass it to their children without bearing the burden of taxes and other costs (Parker). Conservation easements are usually donated to nonprofit organizations who work for the better of the society hence individuals can not only preserve their belongings but also serve their society well. It is important to note that conservation easements allow the owner to control access to his property. This is essential considering that the agreements are often misinterpreted as submission of power. The owner can bring in anyone he wants to the specific property under agreement. The primary purpose of such agreements is to preserve specific land from certain forms of use or development in order to preserve it for a greater purpose. It is imp ortant that such agreements thrive in order to ensure the sustainability of the environment. Conservation easements have met significant approval from the public due to the previously prevalent federal regulations. However, these agreements are customized and it is difficult to gauge the success of these agreements. All agreements are designed specifically and serve as a pact between landowners and land trusts rather than the environment; therefore, there is always room for manipulation or noncompliance with the essence of environmental protection and conservation. History and Use of Conservation Easements: - From the early 19th century, the United States laws of land preservation have been dictated by the federal government; the central approach has been land

Gun Control Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gun Control Report - Essay Example Mostly, those involved in gun violence may not be gun owners, but might be individuals that have illegal access to guns. Generally, gun ownership tends to be strict upon civilians as many at times individuals with the intention of committing crimes acquire guns with relative ease through illegal means. Therefore, it is import that the government sensitizes the public on matters related to gun ownership before the actual implementation of gun control policies at the legislative stage of governance. Further, this report will give the various statics surrounding the reported numbers of gun related crimes within the urban setups as compared to those in rural areas. Ideally, the number of gun related violence in urban states where there are strict regulations on gun acquisition are higher than the rates in rural areas where gun acquisition is easy (Joe, 2012). Subsequently, the report will be in tandem with the practical approaches applicable in the minimization of gun related crimes at t he lowest level of governance to ensure that civilians also play a role in developing safer living environments. The report would also to address the impact of the castle doctrine laws in some states as possible contributors to gun violence. This is in line wit the Institute of Legislative Action under the National Rifle Association as per the provision of the Second amendment in the US Constitution (Davies, 2013). Your sincerely, May 20th 2013 Table of Contents Table of Contents 4 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 5 Problem statement 7 Method 7 Findings 8 Analysis 10 Conclusion 10 References 12 Joe, W., B. (2012). The reality of the Gun Control Debate. Retrieved from http://wjoeb.hubpages.com/hub/The-reality-of-the-Gun-Control-Debate 12 Webster, D. W. et al. (2012). The Case for Gun Policy Reforms in America. John Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research Press. Retrieved on 20th May 2013 from http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy- and-research/publications/WhitePaper102512_CGPR.pdf 12 Appendix 13 Executive Summary Presently, at least thirty thousand people that are part of the American population die because of gun inflicted wounds in which the greatest proportion of this number is young people. Ideally, this aspect has made gun violence be the greatest contributor to the premature demise of the young population of America. On the other hand, the statistics on the number of reported non-fatal gun related crimes amount to close to three hundred and forty seven thousand cases with a minimal number of this people seeking treatment at hospital departments. In essence, the rate of homicide in America is seven times higher than that of other developed economies making it a worrying trend for a good performing economy (Sowell, 2012). Fundamentally, the lack of proper gun laws is the prime reason as to why there is a higher prevalence of gun ownership and higher cases of gun related violent crimes. Further, gun viole nce also impacts the economy as the US population loses a significant number of the work force to violent deaths while the rest incurs expenses in seeking treatment for the injuries caused by gun violence. The traumatic effect caused by gun violence tends to have an impact on the increase of poverty levels as it tends to influence psychological imbalance for those affected by this tragic event. According to statistics, the average direct or

Monetary Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Monetary Policy - Coursework Example This paper examines the relationship that exists between the monetary policies and the stock market bubbles and concludes that the monetary policies can be varied to have very little control on the stock market movements, as monetary policies like change in the interest rates would be slow in acting on the bubble price movements. However such change in the policy may restrict the influence of the financial instability on the economy that immediately follows the bubble. This paper concludes that the central banks should adopt standard monetary policy or bubble policy depending on the circumstances and the extent of the macroeconomic consequences of the stock bubble price movements. In the process of the study of the impact of the monetary policies on the stock market bubbles the paper also details some of the historic bubbles and crashes. Expanded spells of rapidly appreciating equity, housing, and other assets prices in any country since the twentieth century have brought the impact of monetary policies on the asset market prices to the fore and to the attention of the economists to analyze the phenomenon. The analysis includes the response of the asset market booms as a result of the changed monetary policies. It is the argument from some of the economists that the nature of the financial markets tends to be volatile inherently and that the market prices often go tangentially to fundamentals. Hence they argue that it is possible for the policymakers can improve the welfare activities of the economy by adopting measures to deflate the asset price booms, especially under circumstances where the sudden declines in the asset market prices will have the effect of depressing the economic activity to the advantage of the country. There are other economists who believe that the financial markets are efficient in processing the information provided to them. These economists argue that it is not possible for the policymakers to determine the point of time when the assets are mispriced and hence they cannot adopt policies which will have the effect of improving the welfare of the nation by reacting to the asset price movements. However the stock market boom in the United States in the late 1990s has been found to arise during a

A Critical Reflection on Learning Society and Learner Identities Essay Example for Free

A Critical Reflection on Learning Society and Learner Identities Essay The paper draws on the historical experiences of learning society and learner identities from the normative and sociological paradigms which have extensively determined how the experiences of learning have been shaped and how learning society should be constituted. In light of this, patterns of participation in learning process are engaged through a concise interplay between the course of life and their determinants. Focusing on examination as a key factor in the official discourse of learning society, the whole concept of learning society and learner identity can comprehensively be argued within the parameters of sociological construction through theories of human capital, functionalism, symbolic, post modern among others. Through a critical evaluation and reflection, the history of learning society as well as learner identities reveal that the underlying motivation of learning society leans on the uncalled for abstraction of economic behaviors which range from social relations to the individual learner’s participation in the lifetime process of learning. Introduction The underlying principle of learning society and leaner identity is founded within the fundamental of the predominant interplay between social capital and cultural aspects with education. Exploring the inherent meaning of education and learning in the lives of individuals typifies a particular focus on the perpetual element of learning in the social milieu of a rapidly changing society. Researchers contend that the social revolution towards a contemporary society is typical of globalization therefore, life long learning portend a relationship with learning society within the theoretical paradigm that will help in analyzing and evaluating the inherent meaning of education (Coffield, 2001). The process focus on leaving learners with options of developing their own learner identities as inspired by the learning process as well as the pedagogic approaches to education. The experiences and the hitherto identities propel a situation that determine whether the learner goes back to school and learn at least something knew; because, the whole question of the learning society is to enhance the individual’s bargaining power to better their social and economic positions in life through a clear understanding of themselves. Learning Society: A Reflection on the Influence of formal Education on Learner Identity In a multiple deprived modern global community, learning society and learner identities facilitates a broader evaluation of maximum social utility of learning guided by the pedagogical approaches used in the social construction. As a result, learning identities become created and basing on the model of community development, participants in the community development are learners who exhibit such characteristics through a learning process. They are thus encouraged to learn irrespective of age or status; all in a bid to gain accreditation of developing their own knowledge and skills. This extensively develops their leaning identities and gives them a leeway to access other learning. According to Alheit (1992), education as a national social institution can be argued to form part of the global structure. This means that information technology and largely the digital age forms the modern global infrastructure of education and thus, the learning society is inspired and directed by technology to impact on the experiences of a learner within the realms of education. Maguire (2006) further asserts that as the goal of education continues to change over the years due to the element of social integration and formation of economic advantage, many individuals who had dropped out of school or similarly stopped at some level prefer to go back and begin learning. Significantly, it is obvious that from a symbolic and conflict theoretical understanding, the concept of adult education comes into play guided by the principle of skill formation in the context of a strengthened global economic competition. Arguably, increased convergence system of education has become a trend which remarkably points the difference between the traditional attitudes of education versus the modern attitudes. The meaning of education is clearly construed in three levels which are elaborate. Firstly, learning society and learners identity is historically and sociologically explained within the efforts to understand how people use education and the resultant knowledge and skills to construct their courses in life. Secondly, the educational and learning experiences mean different phenomenon to different learners especially within the content of producing as well as forming their identities. Finally, learning society and learner identity become the epicenter of understanding significant experiences that people have with regard to different stages in their lives. This also borders the line whether those experiences originate at work, in school, during leisure time pursuits or during adult study (Antikainen et al, 1996). Accordingly, questions such as the substance, social context and formal education form the important milestones in the learning experience. From the traditional outlook, educators and many members of the society have believed that education is productive. This means that the effects of education are reflected in the experiences a learner goes through in the process of learning as well as after learning. In view of this, the experiences one endures in relation to education break down the universal function of education and somewhat give it a different understanding. Hodgson (2000) postulates that the individualized learning experiences have led scholars to hypothesize several emancipatory meaning of education. Essentially, it is plausible to argue that with the existence of life long and cultural patterns of education in the society, a learning society continues to emerge thus inspiring many individuals to go back to school and learn something new based on the social or economic significance attached to the concept that is learned. For instance, as an immigrant to the United States, there is dire need to learn English for both social communicative purposes as well as official business transactions. In light of this, although the immigrant may be an adult, he goes to learn at a mature age due to the cultural shift and social position in the society. The trends in the educational circles necessitate the learning society. In essence, the flow of information, knowledge as well as students from across regional and national borders is a contemporary trend that can serve as a typical example of westernization as well as global diffusion of local educational products (Husen, 2004). Young (2009) further outlines that globalization is key to learning society and leaner identities. To illustrate, it is evident that regardless of the age, status and racial backgrounds, individual members of the society tend to embrace a contemporary computer based approach of education to continue learning. Such cases are characteristic of E-learning, distant leaning as well as the emergence of virtual institutions; a factor that inspires the attitude for lifelong learning and shapes the identities of learners to reflect a more contemporary one as opposed to the historical approach towards learning. Every situation in the present society calls for problem solving, critical and creative thinking and apt communication skills and this deep feature of the globalised society steers individuals to be always on the search for education, skills and knowledge.