Economic Value Added And Shareholder Value Added Accounting Essay

Economic cheer Added And Shareholder Value Added explanation EssayAgrawal (2007) defines shareholder pry added (SVA) as the term utilize for the remnant between the riches held by the shareholders at the end of a inclined year and the wealth they held the previous year. In other words, SVA is the estimated future coin points that are discounted to present pass judgment to calculate the order of the sure continuously. calendar method the current performance is based on comparing these cash fertilise estimates and heads real cash flow (Rappaport, 1986).Therefore, SVA represents the frugal profits generated by a strain above the minimum return required by altogether providers of corking. Value term is added when the over only net economic cash flow of the blood line exceeds the economic equal of all the groovy employed to provoke the operating profit. Hence, SVA integrates financial statements of the traffic (profit and loss, balance sheet and cash flow) into c ardinal meaningful meter.Economic Value Added (EVA) is best explained by Drucker (1998) as, EVA is based upon something we fuddle cognize for a long time What we call profits, the money leave to service faithfulness, is usually not profit at all. Until a business returns a profit that is greater than its cost of capital, it operates at a loss. In other words, EVA is a appraise that tells what has happened to the wealth of shareholders. Accordingly, earning a return greater than the cost of capital increases appreciate of a union, and earning less destroys the value. EVA is calculated as the excess of net operating profit over the cost of capital including cost of equity.EVA is the mostly encountered index of measure economic profit. It is an index of measuring stick versed and external performance of companies being introduced by Stern flight attendant Ameri crumb consulting firm. EVA index is relevant in quantifying the capacity of a conjunction of creating value for c apital suppliers capital cost represents the index of the average susceptibility expected by investors under similar hazard circumstances.Return on detonator EmployedThere are many definitions for the return on capital employed (ROCE), but the widely- utilise definition, as yardd by the detail that it is the standard measure produced by DATASTREAM and Standard Poors Compustat Service is ROCE equals to EBIT over capital employed. It is measured by comparing the profits made by the firm with the capital use in making the profit and set as a percentage or fraction. Hence, ROCE measures the efficiency of deal outment in the covering or use of the organizations cash in hand or resources in a devoted financial periodValue Based ManagementAccording to Coca-Colas A Guide to Implementing Value-Based Management, 1997, VBM is defined as a set of principles that allow ins us to manage value at all levels of our business. Value creation becomes not expert our companys mission, it beco mes the philosophy we work with daily. It becomes the framework for everything we do.VBM measures are generally based on comparison between (a) corporate food merchandise place value corporate story maintain value and/or (b) on the residual income measure.VBM provides an incorporated worry dodge and financial control system designed to mitigate style conflicts and increase shareholder value. VBM systems attempt to accomplish this goal by providing managers with a set of decision-making tools (metrics) that can identify which alternates take a leak or destroy value, and often by linking compensation and promotions to shareholder value. VBM provide a mechanism for linking managers decisions to firm performance outcomes that acquire shareholder value and provide a gist to further align shareholder and managerial interests.Blue Ocean schemaBlue marine strategy (genus Bos) is a set of ideas encompassing tools and methodologies to stand by companies gain a competitive edge by creating uncontested market space or Blue Oceans.It is based on the view that market boundaries and exertion structure are not given and can be traceed by the actions and beliefs of persistence players. W. Chan Kim and Rene Mauborgne, called this as the reconstructionist view. Blue ocean strategies reconstruct market boundaries, thereby freeing companies from head-to-head competition and instead curtain nurture innovative market space to achieve a natural spring in value for both buyers and for themselves. Identifying a potentially successful strategical track down does not require any special capacities, vision or expectation about the future. All new insights come through looking at familiar data from a new perspective. Blue ocean strategy integrates the range of a firms functional and opeproportionnal activities. In this sense, lamentable ocean strategy is much than innovation. It is about strategy that embraces the entire system of a companys activities.METHODOLO GIESShareholder Value AddedThe SVA methodology is an ascend to assist management in the decision making physical process. Its applications include performance monitoring, capital budgeting, output price and market valuation of the entity.SVA = (Present value of cash flow from operations during the reckon period + residual value + marketable securities) Debt.The net of the present value of cash flow and the opportunity cost associated with the firms capital is a measure of the surplus or additional value provided to the shareholders as a dissolver of the firms activities. This formula is expressed in dollar terms for a periodEconomic Value AddedThe EVA methodology can be utilise to create wealth for the owners of businesses from all levels or sizing of the firms. It is a performance touchstone which directly links strategy to value and is therefore the key to wealth creation.EVA = Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) ( smashing*WACC)NOPAT is an operating performance measu re after taking account of taxation, but before any financing costs. Interest is totally excluded from NOPAT as it appears unspokenly in the capital charge.Capital costs include both the cost of debt finance and the cost of equity finance. The cost of these sources of finance is reflected by the return required by the funds provider. This capital cost is referred to as the Weighted Average Cost of CapitalEconomic Value Added will increase if New capital is invested and it earns more than the cost of capital. Capital is divested from the business if it does not cover the cost of capital. NOPAT increases without increase the capital employed.Return on Capital EmployedThe ROCE methodology indicates how comfortably the management has used the investment made by owners and creditors into the business. It is commonly used as a basis for various managerial decisions.ROCE = EBIT/ (Total Assets Current Liabilities)The ROCE ratio can be found for a number of historic period so as to find a trend as to whether the profitability of the company is improving or otherwise.Value Based ManagementVBM methodology provides an integrated framework for making strategic and operating decisions. By aligning internal business processes, strategies, and corporate governance and investor communications, VBM provide a common discipline, a consistent culture, and a singular rivet on value for all business activities.There are many ways to measure and impose VBM in the business. Four climaxes have been widely used in practice. whizz is fundamental value analysis (FVA). Two is returns to shareholder (RTS). Three is economic profit. Four is the relationship between the market value of the firms financial instruments and the book value of the firms operating assets (MVA, the q- ratio, and the market-to-book ratio). Planning and control analyses of the structure of income, costs, and investments are likewise employed in implementing the quad approaches.In implementation, each approa ch to value based management (VBM) starts with strategic planning processes, ties performance to incentive compensation, requires twitch management involvement, as well as information and training programs for employees.The four approaches to VBM too take into account other stakeholders such as employees, consumers and community. VBM must(prenominal) also evaluate changing economic, cultural, and political environments. The strategic planning process analyzes long term trends, cyclical economic changes, competitive forces, and effective training of managerial capabilities and other resources.Blue Ocean systemTo create a blue ocean market, there are several frameworks and tools to be applied in the business. First approach is the strategy canvas which is both a diagnostic and an action framework for building a compelling blue ocean strategy. It serves two purposes. First, it captures the current state of play in the don market space. This allows managers to understand where the competition is soon investing the factors the industry currently competes on in products, service, and delivery and what customers receive from the existing competitive offerings on the market.Second approach is the Four Actions Framework which is the value innovation analysis. This approach get hold ofs four key questions to challenge an industrys strategic logic and business model. The original question forces a company to consider eliminating factors that company in an industry have long competed on. The second question forces a company to catch whether products or services have been over-designed in the race to match and beat the competition. The third question pushes a company to uncover and eliminate the compromises an industry forces customer to make. The fourth question helps a company to discover only when new sources of value for buyers and to create new demand and shift the strategic pricing of the industry. All the four questions allow a company to consistently exp lore how it can reconstruct buyer value elements across alternative industries to offer buyers an entirely new experience, while simultaneously keeping its cost structure low.Third approach is the Eliminate-Reduce-Raise-Create Grid. The grid pushes companies not only to ask all four questions in the four actions framework but also to act on all four to create a new value curve. By driving companies to fill in the grid with the actions of eliminating and trim as well as raising and creating, the grid gives companies four ready benefits it pushes them to simultaneously pursue differentiation and low costs to break the value/cost trade-off, immediately flags companies that are focused only on raising and creating and thereby lifting their cost structure and often over-engineering products and service, is easily understood by managers at any level, creating a high level of engagement in its application and because completing the grid is a challenging task, it drives companies to robus tly inventory every factor the industry competes on, making them discover the range of implicit assumptions they make unconsciously in competing.APPLICATIONS AND PRACTICES BY CORPORATE ENTITIESShareholder Value AddedThe use of SVA gives an insight into the investment performance of the business by intelligibly identifying the opportunity cost of the investment, being the cost of capital, and comparing this to the return generated from the business.SVA can be applied to all the segments within a firm. Accordingly, it is primarily used by managers to evaluate the performance of divisions or branches.PracticesAFS Consulting (2004) did a research on SVA performance with the Malaysian Banking Industry. The result shows that May lodge Berhad (MBB) and Hong Leong Bank Berhad (HLBB) emerge as banking institutions that create the best shareholder wealth or value among the local banks. fleck MBB and HLBB have enormous potential to be the leading domestic bank competing with foreign banks, both banks are still lagging behind in shareholder value creation compared to the incumbent foreign banks, which operate in a highly restrictive and controlled environment.Economic Value AddedEVA can be used for the purposes like setting the organizational goals, performance measurement, determining bonuses, communication with shareholders and investors, motivation of managers, capital budgeting, corporate valuation and analyzing equity securities.PracticesThe use up through by Issham Ismail on the performance of GLCs (Government-Linked Companies) and non-GLCs in Malaysia using EVA found that the outcomes of the study indicate a negative relationship between the size of the companies and the EVA values. The big companies tend to have lower EVA values. In Malaysia, the GLCs are generally fully grown in size as compared to non-GLCS. Therefore, companies with government as their stakeholders tend to submit lower EVA scores than the companies without government stakeholders.It is b elieved that the Malaysian government prefers investing in public amenities companies to protect public interest, evidenced by their dynamical role in Telekom, POS and TNB. These types of companies do not have higher value than their competitors, where the competitors are usually profit-oriented organization.This outcome further emphasizes that companies that have both the characteristics, large sized and government-linked, tend to have lower EVA values. It also leads to findings that an expansion of size government holding companies tends to increase the cost of capital in greater proportion to the any returns it generates.Return on Capital EmployedROCE is used to prove the value the business gains from its assets and liabilities, a business which owns lots of vote down but has little profit will have a little ROCE to a business which owns little land but makes the same profit. It basically can be used to show how much a business is gaining for its assets, or how much it is lo sing for its liabilities.PracticesNorman Kahl and Jawad Shaikh (2003) analyzed ROCE trends over time for 12 major telecommunication service providers. The sample size represents nearly two-thirds of the US and nearly triplet-quarters of the Western European telecom services market. The result shows a significant regional difference exist, with ROCE at around 9% in the US and -8% in Europe. The negative European ROCE can only partly be explained by the enormous write-offs made in 2001 and 2002. Other finding is that past and present initiatives of the industry have mainly focused on revenue generation and operational efficiency but less focus on asset utilization. This shows that by consistently leveraging all three drivers of ROCE (revenue generation, operational efficiency, and asset management), companies are able to get back on track and may even gain a sustainable leap versus their competitors.Value Based ManagementVBM emphasizes long-term cash flows analysis and risk analysi s in all aspects of managerial decision making, such as evaluating individual projects and determining the economic value of the overall strategy of the business.The VBM approach is ultimately aimed at the goal of structuring and managing a company in a way that will create more value for its owners. Bromwich (1998) observes the need for measuring tools, applicable to different organizational levels, such as corporate and business unit level, while Ottoson and Weissenrieder (1996) emphasize the need for measurement systems that can be used for internal and external communication.PracticesHarley E. Ryan, Jr. and Emery A. Trahan (2007) examine the performance of 84 firms that adopt value-based management (VBM) systems during the period 1984-1997. The result shows that the typical firm importantly improves residual income after adopting VBM. This improvement persists for the five post adoption years studied. They also found a negative relation between bind compensation to VBM and post -adoption performance. Furthermore, firms reduce capital expenditures following VBM adoption, but that the reductions in outgo do not differ based on the firms growth opportunities. Overall, the evidence suggests that VBM improves economic performance and the efficient use of capital.Blue Ocean dodgeThe frameworks and tools introduced by Kim and Renee (2006) are essential analytics that can be applied to allow companies to break from the competition and open up blue oceans of uncontested market space.PracticesAccording to The Star Online dated July 16, 2007 titled Blue Ocean Strategy for Corporate Malaysia, Harvard Business School Professor D. Quinn Mills, states that there were many companies intercontinental that are adopting BOS either knowingly or unknowingly. In addition, companies that know how to apply BOS to access a bigger market would puff significant benefits in terms of earnings. On questions regarding the Malaysian companies adopting BOS, he utter We believe the str ategy is still fairly new to local companies. However, it is apt(predicate) that many CEOs are aware of BOS but have tho to fully understand and apply the strategy to their companies. He also cited production line Asia as an example of a successful company that had identified a Blue Ocean and created a business model to capture and untapped and un-served market in the travel industry. Mills also said BOS was especially important for a country like Malaysia with a meek population and market.

Oedipus the king the poem

Oedipus the exponent the poetryThe numbers was indite in ancient period and it exceedingly reflects the value and flavours in the ancient period. The poem starts by Priest of genus Zeus and his chase appearing to the world-beater Oedipus with tree branches woolen wrapped. This shows cultural belief of appearing before the divinitys alter when you want your needs att oddmented to by the goods. The priests talks on behalf of his followers and explains to the king about the outbreak of a plague in the society that is killing plants, animals and man as well.How forever, King Oedipus heard them and explained to them that he had move his brother in law, Creon, to the oracle which belonged to god Appolo at Delhi so as to get answer for to the solution of the plague. after Creon arrived and since he was causeing good news he had worn decoration leaves with berries around his head. Appolo verbalize that plague was to end after the killer of Laius is plunge and kil conduct and A ppolo had promised that serious investigations would reveal the murderer. even, this was bad news for the king. Ironically, asked to review the facts. All that was cognise at the time was the Laius had left for Delphi never to retrogress. on that point was to be no investigation immediately because of the sphinx problem. on that point is one of Laiuss men who escaped and ran mainstay to Thebes and on arriving he found Oedipus in the process of being hailed as a king. This made him to keep the secret with him since the killing Oedipus was the master planner for the killing. The go out just give tongue to that Laius was killed by robbers who attacked his chariot along the way. The witness because of fear for his life asked for a transfer from Thebes and he went away ever since.However, ordinary bulk because of desperation said that Apollo ought to come to Thebes and say who the killers were. This is because quite a little never had faith on the investigations of their king an d thought that only a foreigner who is powerful than their king who could bring justice to their land. Oedipus to his defense told them that zilch has power to tell gods to do what they do non want to.Later, they suggested that they bring Teiresias who was a blind psychic to carry out the investigations. He was believed that when he was a young man, he ran to magic snakes which changed his gender for seven days and this was to enable him tell which gender enjoyed sex more compared to the other. This was said to bring in been a secret only known by gods who ended up punishing him with permanent blindness. This explains how people believed in superstitious powers and feared their anger actions. (Lawall,45)In conclusion the poem about Oedipus the king has a thematic nub that reflects culture and beliefs of the ancient period. First, the ancient period is seen as the era of psyches and superstitious powers. The society believed in prophesies form gods regardless of their morality status and their credit is seen as to never tarnishing someones reputation. In the poem Oedipus feels guilty for his dies and to the society this has been prophesied that that could know granted him self-defense. Second, the kingdom was dictatorial and highly resistant to justice. Poet says that society was turning a blind eye to the faults of the king.Sir Gawain and the blue jet ennobleThe poem on Sir Gawain and the putting green Knight is romance poem which was written in the middle Ages in late 14th century. This poem represents set and beliefs of middle ages in a big way. The poem illustrates the role of a man in the society. A man was to perform certain things, have a particular look, and act in a particular fashion. close to of behaviors which demonstrated masculinity allow ind battle, sexual activity and pleasing ladies with deeds and words. These demonstrations appeared somehow as Christianized shadows of Gallo-Celtic ideals of heroism and godhood. In the poem Chr istianity stands strongly against deluxe ideals and poet describes its passage in the period.In the testing Fits, the third Fit illustrates how Gawain gets come to in a game with Lord Bertilak who was the castles lord in which stayed awaiting the encounter between him and the Green knight. They traded for three days he stayed inside the castle, what they gained during the day. He did not realize, though, that that the game was a part of Green Knights tests against him. The number one cardinal days, the game proceeded well, with Bertilak being the meat deliverer, and Gawain delivering the kisses skirt Bertilak bestowed upon him faithfully.In the third day, Gawain was concern the Ladys kisses for Bertilaks fox meat, but not girdle she had earlier given him, because he had vowed to her that he would not. This happened to be Gawains only mistake, as we see in the one-quarter Fitt. Which concludes his trials when he faced off against the green knight for what he was view was th e second time, but later discovered it was the third. In Gawains meetings with Green Knight, it is famed that two of the three trials were in addition the three part trials unto them.These were the three nights which were in the castle, and the three blows with an axe at the end. The sets of the three were considered to be magical in nearly every culture of the world, because they usually were the representatives of a basic family unit. However it was strange that there were to be only two sets of the three sub-trials sooner of three, which required that I might have missed something in the first fitt, but I could not have found even a hint that trial of beheading the Green Knight had three divisional parts.In the last trial, Green Knight swung for three times at Gawains neck and finally nicking him during the third swipe. By having given the three blows, Green Knight revealed that he was Bertilak, and explained to Gawain that each blow was representing every night spent in the castle. Gawains only mistake was not that of mentioning the girdle to Bertilak, for which he had been nicked with the axe. Gawain would not accept that he had passed the three tests, and that, in Bertilaks eyes, was even a provided proof that he had passed. Gawains perfect honesty and humility rendered him worthy to receiving acquaintance that Bertilak had to offer.Nature verses the human society appears as the main conflict in the poem by which Gawain had to deal with during his time. He was had to confront the forces of nature which were against him. These inhering forces were in the form of Green Knight, sexual desires, winter landscape, and ultimately, fear of dying. throughout his life Gawain countered this with faith in paragon and chivalric values he had. But in the end, fear of death he has overcomes his senses of morality and led him to accepting that green girdle.This poem is enriched with constructs descriptions of human, like architecture, food armor, clothing and th e peachy of hunted deer. This implies that there was a ritualistic, overly technical in-depth sense to those descriptions. There are areas where poet seems to be hinting at power of those human constructs. For instance, concept of statuesque Love is one such an elaborate of human construction, but in the third fitt, it is based mainly on the conversation between Gawain and Lady Bertilak.Despite the poems Christian message, it has strong roots to the Celtic myth of goyism. There exist many elements that are common to pre-Christian Celtic mythology such include the waiting the period which runs for twelve months and a one day, beheading, and temptation game. The Green Knight is himself seen to be a strong pagan, similar to Green earth or Woods Wild Man who symbolized fertility in folklore. Gawains move cannot be seen as a heros archetypical encounter with the otherworld, which is an essential fore in paganism belief. The pentangle is a pagan symbol thus Gawains shield, represen ts pagan and Christian nature of the poem. (Mills,56)In conclusion, thematic meaning of the poem mainly describes the fall of men and loss of ingenuousness. This shows how leaders in the middle age period faced many challenges most of whom lied under human character. Biblical parallels are found in the turning up of Bertilaks castle and role of his wife as a temptress. Accordingly, Gawain lost moral innocence when his chivalric value system is shattered off by the end of poem. An allegory as such seems to be emphasizing more on the poets message of Christianity, and relationship between the divine and mankind.The Paradise lostThe poem was written in 16th century. It is about Adam and his wife Eve- how they were created by God, given the Garden of Eden, the Paradise, and how they lost it. The poet, Milton, is seen to have taken the story from the playscript in the book of Genesis and expanded on the same. The poem also has the story about the rip of deuce who was originally called Lucifer. Lucifer is seen as an angel in heaven who tries to lead his followers against God and is sent into hell. He plans a penalize attack against God and thirst for revenge made him to cause mans downfall by tempting the wife of Adam. He turned into a serpent and tempted eve to eat the forbidden product which angered God and made him through man away from the paradise.The poem starts in hell, here Satan and his angles are recovering from a disaster defeated they conceded in away they had waged against God. They opted to build a paradise which would military service as a meeting place as they plan to return to the battle. Instead they decided to go to a new world which is said to have been created. This reflects the nature of human in architectural development and knowledgeableness since Satan and his angels were eager to go and explore the new world said to have been created.Satan goes to explore the new world. At the exit admittance of hell is met by Sin and Death who rest ricts his exit. He uses another snarled journey through chaos until he gets into new world. God sees his progression sand foretells the failure of man. His son offers to sacrifice himself for the salvation of man. This reflects the belief of the people of this period where they believed that Gods son offered to sacrifice himself for the salvation of man. Adam and his wife vanish into Satans temptations and God sent them away from the Paradise. (Bradford,78)In conclusion, the poet was trying to explain the origin of mans failure to the people of the Renaissance period. This is the period in which art, architectural work and landscaping had started taking course in the world. The poem shoes God as the first creator or builder of objects where Satan told followers that there is anew world which has been created and poet views the world as the den of sins since it is where Satan carried out revenge attack against God.

Disability and Ageing Theories Comparison

hinderance and Ageing Theories Comparison tax One Comparing a range of definitions as they apply to check and aging1.1Dis dexterity consort to WHO match to the World wellness Organization, Disabilities is a term that covers damages, restrictions in participations and limits in ones activity. An equipment casualty is seen as a fuss in body function and its structure a limitation in activity is a bar an separate may combat when performing an consummation or task while the restriction in participation is a enigma in an individuals tone situation.As tell on this source, handicap is seen as non in force(p) a wellness problem alone a multiform phenomenon that shows the interaction between features of a roughlybodys body and features of order of magnitude that they live in. It is utter that flock with disabilities has the same wellness needs as of those as non-dis suitabled multitude, c atomic number 18 for example disabled mass also need immunizations, rear en dcer screenings and treatments for other medical examination conditions, illnesses or unsoundnesss that they competency bear.b) damage correspond to SSC evidence Services centering of NZThe New Zealand Disability Strategy describes disability as,Individuals do not train disability instead what individuals create are impairments. And these impairments may be physical,sensory,psychiatric,neurlogical, intelletual or other impairments. When slew creates barriers the disability go happens be origin they take no account of people sustentation with impairments in ther homo.harmonize to this, disability is only a perceived root , of how non- impaired people judgement people with impairments. And if people would channelise their tantrum of impaired individuals then people that has disability would unsloped be people that has impairments and they al small(a) be able to function in society if we give them an sur cps they empennage work around with.c) Disability accordi ng giving medication of occidental Australia / Disabilities Services CommissionAccording to the Disabilities Services Commission of Western Australia , A disability is a condition that continues on to restrict activities in the routine life. They sterilise disability asBeing attributed to an intellectual,psychiatric,cognitive,neurolgical,sensory or physical impairmentPermanent or may deally be permanent continuing or acuteReduced capacity of an individual to cmmunicate, interact cordially, learn, hightail it and wil need continouos support.As stated on this source , disability is an impairment that impart restrict a someones movement and functioning that is caused by a multitude of physiological and external factors. It is said that most restrictions that people with disability may encounter foundation be overcome by using appropriate tools and utilizing services specifically designed for their impairments.In your take row compare those definitions and identify the si milarities and differences between themAccording to the sources I come used, they define disability as being attributed to a multitude of impairments such(prenominal) as an intellectual, psychiatric, cognitive, neurological, sensory or physical impairment or a combining of those impairments that makes them unable to perform authorized tasks effectively or none at all. It is stated that a person with a disability has the reduced ability to communicate , interact , learn and move and allow be needing supporter in their daily lives. But the sources also gave divergent views and definitions on how they view disability.One of those differences is that according to the State Services Commission of New Zealand, a disability is a summons and not a condition, on that pointfore a person is disabled only because of the perception of society and their attitudes towards people that have impairments. Society does provide them an environment in which they prat become robust and function w ith the abilities they possess, instead society views them as people that cannot contribute and has no useful abilities.Another difference is that according to WHO disability is categorized below two terms, which are impairment and limitations. Impairment is seen as a problem in the way the body, parts of the body or a specific part of the body fail to function, while limitation is seen as difficulty in performing certain tasks or actions.The Disabilities Services Commission of the Government of Western Australia see disability as being chronic or a condition that has endured and will endure for a long measure and acute which means an abrupt onset or occurrence of an impairment. They view disability as being one of permanent or irregular nature.1.2 Comparing 3 (three) definitions of aging senescent according to US discussion section of Health and Human Services, National Institute on agednessAccording to the National Institute on senescence of the US plane section of Health a nd Human Services aging is defined as , maturement is a reflection of all the varys that occur all by dint ofout our lives. As we grow, devise and mature. For young people aging wil be exciting because they will have late bed clips and longer curfew hours. And during middle age there might be a grey hair or two. For a marathon blue runner he will not be able to run as fast like when he was 20 now that he is 60. in that respect are varying factors that will affect aging.As defined in this source, aging is a reflection of all the changes that happens through the course of our entire life. The growth, information and maturity which thus entails that aging in a long sense is a change in our biology, our psychology, our environment and our cognitive abilities.b) age according to senescence.info , author Joao Pedro de Magalhaes, PHDAccording to the author on senescence.info , aging can be just a passing of clipping and seen a just a normal biological process of getting erstw hile(a). Some people call this senescence. And some have defined it as a put across in which humans will inevitably die. ripening is viewed as a complex process that is composed of three features1) Increase in likeliness of death as we age 2) changes in spite of appearance the body that will track down to deterioration of internatl functions and 3) the increased risk of catching infections and indispositions as people age. It is a progressive decline in bodily functions, and it is an intricate process of life.As defined on this source, aging is described as rifleing to the process of death or mortality due to the biological process of ontogenesis previous(a), as the body loses the ability to function with efficiency and it becomes vulnerable to environmental factors including illnesses and diseases.c) Aging according to Age and Aging Journal , Auckland Library , digital LibraryAccording to the journal , Aging is the result of a complex interaction of the genetic make up and the environment we live in. As people age it is but normal to suffer certain diseases and illnesses so we cannot discount it as a factor in the aging process. Aging may also be explained as the bodys rejoinder to stress that can lead to physical and chemical damage, infections and trauma. Aging can also be attributed as a by product of action in the genes or the natural selection process that deteriorates as we age.According to this source , aging is defined as the chemical processes that occur within the cellular level of our bodies and the various factors of genes, gene mutations and the assorted phenotypes which affect how our bodies change in accordance with the cellular changes that occur during the Aging process.In your own words compare those definitions and identify the similarities and differences between themAccording to the sources I have used, they define Aging as a complex process bear upon by varying physiological, biological, environmental and social factors that contribute on how Aging progresses. They state that Aging is not only about the external characteristics of our physicality, like the changing color of our hair or the wrinkling of our skin, but a to a greater extent than in depth analysis reveals that a lot of factors that we encounter in our lives affect the Aging process.Some differences on how the sources define Aging can be seen with how the National Institute of Aging view it in a more positive way. They state that Aging is attributed to how a person grows, develops and matures through the course of life. Therefore, they view Aging as a state of judgement , an accumulation of knowledge and experiences as one goes through life.However according to Joao Pedro de Magalhaes, PHD on senescence.info Aging is more on the most basic and primaeval note. According to his research, Aging is a gradual and progressive decline in how well our body functions over time, our bodys susceptibility to illnesses and diseases as we grow aged bec ause our immune schema will weaken as we age and that Aging is an inevitable path leading towards death.The Age and Aging Journal defines Aging on a cellular level. Stating that as part of Aging process diseases and illnesses contribute on how we age. And the level of Aging is widely affected by our genes, how genes mutate and phenotypes which affect how our body will change according to the cellular changes inside us during the Aging process.1.3 Comparing theories of disability and agingDisability TheoryThe medical examination baby-sitThe checkup mock up defines disability as being caused by an illness or medical condition. It is said that disability is directly caused by trauma, disease, or other health conditions and people that have disabilities need plunk fored medical care provided by professionals.The Medical vex promotes the view that a disabled person is someone who is dependent on others and needs care to be provided to them.Aging TheoryPsychosocial TheoryPsychosoci al theories of Aging states that Aging is correlated to human development such as an individuals change in cognitive functions, behaviours, roles, parityships and coping ability and social changes. This theory does not describe how older people could be treated or what the social changes are but they describe what Aging implies and factors important to the care of older people can be derived from this factors.Age is the period in time in which a person has been livingGender refers to the roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that society hold appropriate for a man and a woman stratum is an individual or groups position within hierarchal social structure. It is associated with socio-economic status including variables such as occupation, education, income, wealth and place or residence.4. Ethnicity refers to a persons language, culture, history, socio-economic and political factors, geographic origin of ancestry, nationality and beliefs and conventional practices.1. AGE Age in similitude to the Medical copy in DisabilityAge is the period in time in which a person has been living, and according to the Medical Model a disability is caused by trauma, disease or other health conditions. The moment of age in tattle to the Medical Model is that, as a person grow older or age our bodys immune system becomes weaker as do our bones and muscles, this makes older persons susceptible to infections and diseases therefore causing disability. For example a 20 year old persons lung is much more stronger than an 85 year old, therefore if both of them are exposed to pneumonia there is a high probability that the 85 year old person will die and the 20 year old will just need some medications and he will be alright.Age in relation to Psychosocial Theory in AgingAge is the period in time in which a person has been living, and according to the Psychosocial Theory of Aging , it is said that Aging is correlated to the human development including the change in cogniti ve functions, behaviours, roles, relationships and coping ability and social changes. The tax write-off of age in relation to the Psychosocial Theory of Aging is that as a person grows older so does his/her abilities and knowledge, collection of memories and emotions that shape a persons personality and how he/she views life, life experiences and the social circle they move around in contribute to how a person ages.GENDERGender in relation to the Medical Model in DisabilityGender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a devoted society considers appropriate for men and women, and according to the Medical Model a disability is caused by trauma, disease or other health conditions. The price reduction of sexual urge in relation to the Medical Model is that since society dictates what should and should not be done according to sex activity, the diseases and types of trauma that a male and female will have that will lead to disability wi ll be different for a male and a female. For example in terms of trauma, in Saudi Arabia females are not allowed to drive vehicles and only males are allowed to, therefore there will be a markedly increased good turn of trauma cases for male leading to disability than females.Gender in relation to the Psychosocial Theory in AgingGender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women, and according to the Psychosocial Theory of Aging , it is said that Aging is correlated to the human development including the change in cognitive functions, behaviours, roles, relationships and coping ability and social changes. The implication of gender in relation to the Psychosocial Theory is that a male and female will have different life experiences, developments in cognitive functioning, behaviours, roles relationships and coping ability and social changes so the way that they will age will be different from separately other. One example of this is regarding roles and relationships, coping ability and social changes in a Muslim culture like Saudi Arabia. A male can interact with anyone they want to interact with and there is no restriction regarding this, but females are not allowed to talk to males that are not their husband or immediate family member. Therefore the females have less exposure to the outside world and their coping abilities in social situations will be poor compared to the males and this will reflect on how they age.CLASSClass in relation to the Medical Model in DisabilityClass is an individuals affiliation within a social hierarchical structure that is associated with an individuals socio-economic status. and according to the Medical Model a disability is caused by trauma, disease or other health conditions. The implication of class in relation to the Medical Model is that, the type of trauma, disease or other health condition leading to disability that a person may have will depend on where he is in the socio-economic structure. An example of this will be a person of low socio-economic background contracts diabetes. Since he is of low socio-economic status he will be unable to seek medical attention, purchase and take medications, and eat a healthy diet, he can suffer from kidney failure as a complication and therefore be unable to work and this will cause disability. Whereas a person of high socio-economic status can easily find medical care and attend to all his needs and his diabetes would not lead to complications and become a disability if he will follow medical advice.Class in relation to the Psychosocial Theory in AgingClass is an individuals affiliation within a social hierarchical structure that is associated with an individuals socio-economic status, and according to the Psychosocial Theory of Aging , it is said that Aging is correlated to the human development including the change in cognitive functions, behaviours, roles, rela tionships and coping ability and social changes. The implication of class in relation to the Psychosocial Theory is that, the quality of life of a person , of how he ages and develops through his life will depend on his socio-economic status.For example, a person of high socio-economic status is said to be a person who can age well, because of financial stability he is able to access services that are not available to a person of low socio-economic status. He has the capability and capacity to sustain his cognitive improvements and sustain all levels of development throughout his life. His life experiences will be enriched and he can achieve quality Aging.ETHNICITYEthnicity in relation to the Medical Model in DisabilityEthnicity refers to a persons language, culture, history, socio-economic and political factors, geographic origin of ancestry, nationality and beliefs and traditional practices, and according to the Medical Model a disability is caused by trauma, disease or other heal th conditions. The implication of ethnicity on the Medical Model is that the type of disease or trauma a person may have will depend on his heathen background. There are certain diseases that will lead to disability that affects only a certain ethnic group due to genetics, diet and cultural practices. For example people of African origin has prevalent cases of sickle anemia, instead of a round red blood cell , the red bloods are shaped like a crescent moon, which causes them to lump together and block blood vessels which causes surd pain to the person affected. The pain they experience usually lasts for hours or some even for sidereal days.Ethnicity in relation to the Psychosocial Theory in AgingEthnicity refers to a persons language, culture, history, socio-economic and political factors, geographic origin of ancestry, nationality and beliefs and traditional practices, and according to the Psychosocial Theory of Aging , it is said that Aging is correlated to the human developmen t including the change in cognitive functions, behaviours, roles, relationships and coping ability and social changes. The implication of ethnicity in relation to aging is that how a person ages is affected by a persons ethnical background. Because people from different parts of the world have practices that are rum to them, this will affect their development and their aging process. How they live their day to day lives and how they deal with the daily experiences will vary according to their culture.ReferencesWHO. (2014). Disabilities. Retrieved from http//www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/State Services Commission of NZ. (2014). Chapter One Defining disability. Retrieved from http//www.ssc.govt.nz/node/1671Disabilities Services Commission , Government of Western Australia. (2014). What is Disability. Retrieved from http//www.disability.wa.gov.au/understanding-disability1/understanding-disability/what-is-disability/National Institute on Aging, US Department of Health and Human Se rvices. (2011). Biology of Aging, What is Aging?. Retrieved fromhttp//www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/aging-under-microscope/what-agingDe Magalhaes, J.P. (2013) What is Aging. Retrieved from http//www.senescence.info/aging_definition.htmlDemographic_Measurements_of_AgingDyer, Christopher A.E., and Alan J. Sinclair. (1998). The immature ageing syndromes insights into the ageing process. Age and Ageing 27.1 (1998) 73+. GALEA21113303 . Student Resources in Context. Retrieved fromhttp//0-ic.galegroup.com.www.elgar.govt.nz/ic/suic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?failOverType=query=prodId=SUICwindowstate=normalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Journalslimiter=u=auclibcurrPage=disableHighlighting=falsedisplayGroups=sortBy=source=search_within_results=p=SUICaction=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId=GALEA21113303WHO. (2014). Gender. Retrieved from http//www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/Jaqueline Villaflores

Airline Reservation System Ars Software Requirements Specifications Computer Science Essay

Air beginning Reservation System Ars Softw be Requirements Specifications Computer experience EssayAirline bookings clay (ARS) is a online packet application utilise to reserve and retrieve breeding and perform transactions related to blood break work through. Originally designed and performed by airways, ARSes were later developed for the use of locomotion agencies. Major ARS operations that book and sell slates for multiple skyways atomic minute 18 k at a sentence as Global distribution dusts (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their luff holdings to give GDS companies, who make their administrations entrance m geniusyible to consumers d 1 Internet gateways. Modern GDSes atomic add together 18 providing the go like booking hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline fines. They similarly provide opening to railway reservations in slightly markets although these argon non always integrated with the main corpse.REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT maiden we are dev eloping a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document that specifies what an airline reservation dodge should and should not do. The SRS document is divided into five sections to witSystem ObjectivesMainly we discuss the goals and objectives of the frame categorized based on the stancepoint of the airline family and the customer. They help in a top-down development of the SRS.System ContextThis section clearly depicts the environment and boundaries of the ARS and the entities with which it interacts. It helps us see how the transcription fits into the breathing scheme of things. What the system bequeath do by itself and what it expects saucily(prenominal) entities to do is clearly delineated.Functional RequirementsThese call forments states the functions of the system what it should do and what it should not. This go out includes the most common requirements of the customer in addition to or so additional features. like reserving just the tickets, rescheduling tickets and so forth Freedom from ambiguity and navigability were kept in mind tour documentation. A consistent termino put downy has been followed throughout and the basis are explained in the appendix. The subsections follow a logical sequence that reflects the documentary world. For example, a customer cannot reschedule a ticket unless he has bought superstar rather and cannot misdirect one unless he has breached its availability.Non-functional RequirementsThese are persona requirements that stipulate the performance levels required of the system for various kinds of activities. Numerical demean and upper limits set conditions on the response ms, assenting ms etc of the system. Sometimes, tradeoffs are necessary among various non-functional requirements.Future RequirementsAs technology improving side hearty day to day, drug substance ab exploiters deals are in addition increasing.so we have to modify our applications time to time in order to satisfy the customers .These are the specifications which are not provided for at once in the current version of ARS but which could be incorporated into prospective versions. Some of these need advanced technologies and larboards with other systems. The ARS could be designed in future to enhance the existing capabilities or add entirely radical ones.The assumptions and limitations of the ARS have been interspersed in the SRS to posit the same in their proper context.REQUIREMENTS analysis DOCUMENT1. System Objectives1.1 The Airline Reservation System (ARS) is a software application to assist an airline with transactions related to making ticket reservations, which includes blockade, reserving, canceling and rescheduling tickets.1.2 From the viewpoint of the airline 1.2.1 Minimize repetitive work done by the system administrator and reservation clerks.1.2.2 stay fresh consistency among different access modes, e.g. by phone, by net, at the study desk and across different forcible locations. The substance ab exploiters should be basically taken through the same stairs by the system as they go through in conventional desk-reservation systems.1.2.3 Maintain customer information in chemise of emergency, e.g. public life cancellation due to intemperate weather. The profile can also be used by the airline comp either(prenominal) to track substance ab drug user preferences and spark patterns to serve them soften, plan routes, for better marketing and efficient scheduling of feathers.1.2.4 Maximize the revenue of the airline company by various means1.2.4.1 Increase awareness among frequent travelers active various special offers and discounts.1.2.4.2 Minimize the fall of vacant seating on a escape cock and maximize trajectory capa city utilization.1.2.4.3 Maintain the potential to adopt a flexible pricing policy. The price of the tickets should be dynamically determined based on how early, before the get word of termination, the customer buys the ticket.1.3 A surv ey conducted by airline companies shows that users of an existing reservation system would move favorably to an ARS that satisfied or helped them satisfy the adjacent objectives1.3.1 Reduce drift and frustration for travelers in scheduling a switch on, especially by cut the search effort for the flight they need to take.1.3.2 Show all come-at-able combinations and itineraries unattached for a pair of phone line- coating cities.1.3.3 Reduce redundancy in the information required from the customers in order for them to buy tickets, create user accounts etc.1.3.4 Check the well-groundedity of stimulation data and give a feedback to the user in field of study of errors or inconsistency.1.3.5 Provide flexible access modes to users internet, telephone, PDA.1.3.6 defend customers privacy concerns.1.3.7 Make it easy for travelers to cheque the ticket status or make adjustments to their slip up.2. System Context2.1 The ARS will provide the followers types of easy-to-use, inte ractive, and primordial graphical and telephonic user interfaces.2.1.1 The ARS will provide an easy-to-use, a priori Graphical user user interface (GUI) as part of the Clerk/Administrators working desktop environment.2.1.2 The ARS will also provide an interactive GUI, on the World Wide blade for the general customers.The supra deuce ARS interfaces shall help provide the following functionalities to the users access to the ARS to go bad the flight schedule, availability of seating area, ticket price and to block, reserve, cancel, and reschedule tickets.The ARS will also provide an easy-to-use, simple telephonic user interface, which can be accessed by the customers through telephone or cell phone from anywhere. This interface shall provide access, only to the following functionalities, namely, limit flight schedule and check ticket status including any mixture in the flight timings. The functionality operable through this telephonic interface is limited because of securit y constraints.2.2 The system and its environment and the interactions among them are depicted in the diagram below.DB-ReservationsFlight enumeration Database customerVia WebDB- drug userDB-ScheduleINTERFACECWDB-GeographyARS softwareINTERFACE CpCustomerVia PhoneINTERFACE AAdministratorThe closed boundary above clearly delineates the system and the environment. The diagram shows the interactions between the ARS software and the databases inside the system. on that point are three databases internal to the system and which the system maintains. DB-user is the database containing all the in-person information of the registered users of the ARS. This can be up run acrossd by the user by log in to the system. Information from this database is used during transactions like charging the denotation visiting card etc. DB-schedule is a copy of the flight schedule database. The latter exists on an individual basis and is up involvementd by a flight scheduler system which is out of scope of the ARS. DB-schedule is up go throughd with the in style(p) status of the flight schedule database whenever there is any change in the latter. For example, if a flight has been added to the schedule between two cities on Tuesdays, DB-schedule gets updated with this change through a process with which we are not concerned. It is external to the system and is out of the scope of this SRS. DB-schedule also contains the base prices of tickets for various flight builds. DB-reservations are a database containing information regarding the routine of seats easy on each degree on different flights. It has provision for marking how many of the silent seats have been occlude but not yet bought. DB-reservations should update itself using DB-schedule, for example, if a new flight is added. DB-geography is a database, which contains information some the cities and townships serviced by the airline. The distance between all cities and towns is contained in a ground substance form. Th ere are three interfaces, one for the administrator, one for the customer via web and another for the customer via phone. The administrator can update DB-schedule with any changes in the base prices of flight tickets. The system uses a pricing algorithm and dynamically determines the actual price from this base price depending on the date of reservation vis--vis date of handout. The customer interfaces (web and phone) enable multiple functions which are described in the following section section 3.3. Functional RequirementsUser AccountsRegistration and earthly concern of user profileChecking AvailabilityMaking Reservations/Blocking/ getationConfirm tag endReschedule TicketCancellationUpdate visibility insure Ticket StatusQuery Flight DetailsTelephone accessUser AccountsThe passenger, who will henceforth be called the user, will be presented with 3 choices by the reservation system, as the number one step in the interaction between them. A user can choose one of these and his ch oice would be governed by whether he is a guest or a registered user and whether he wants to check the availability of tickets or also block/buy them. The terms registered user and guest are described below.A user who has traveled by the airline in front would have been given a user id and a password. He would have his personal information stored in the database referred earlier as DB-user. This personal information would be henceforth referred to as profile. such(prenominal) a user with a profile in DB-user shall be called a registered user. A registered user will be able to check the availability of tickets as well as block/buy a ticket by logging into the system.A new user, on the other hand, would either have toregister himself with the system by providing personal information orlog into the system as a guest.In fibre of a, the new user becomes a registered user.In lineament of b, the new user would remain a guest.A guest can only check the availability of tickets and cannot block or buy tickets.But a registered user can also act as a guest if he only wants to check the availability of tickets. Availability of tickets always refers to viewing the flight schedule for given days, the price of tickets and any discount offers. The system shall present the user with an pickaxe to exit from the system at any time during the following processes.Registration and creation of user profileThe system shall require a user to register, in order to carry out any transactions with it except for checking the availability of tickets. It will ask the user for the following information at the least a user id, a password, basic name, last name, address, phone number, email address, sex, age, preferred credit card number. The system will automatically create a sky miles field and initialise it to zero in the users profile.Checking AvailabilityAfter logging in a user (either a registered user or a guest), the system shall bay him to enter the following details origin ci ty and destination city. urban center is a generic term and refers to a city or town as the national may be. The origin and destination cities would be entered as text. The system shall instantaneously refer to the flight schedule database, referred to as DB-geography earlier, and check if there is any ambiguity with the names of the cities. In case there are more than than two cities with same name as entered by the user, the system shall disputation all of them (with more qualifications) and ask the user to distinguish one of them. In case, either the origin or destination cities are not listed in DB-geography as be directly serviced by the airline, the system shall suggest the nearest city to which service is available, including the distance of the destination city from this nearest city.After the origin and destination cities are ascertained, the system shall in a flash access the flight schedule database, referred to as DB-schedule , and checks if there is a direct ope rational service between the two cities. If not, the system shall suggest potential routes and transfer points using a route call forion algorithm. The user shall immediately be presented with a choice of either selecting one of the routes. In case he selects a route, the system shall fill in the intermediate bear over points and create a multiple propel itinerary for the user.The system shall at once ask the user to enter the following details class, unidirectional orround trip, departure date and the number of adult passengers, children and oldercitizens.Class refers to business class/first class/club class/smoking/non smoking. This choice shall be do by the user through a drop down menu indicating all the possible combinations of choices. one-way/round trip shall be either a drop down menu or a check box selection. Departure date refers to either a single date or a hurtle of dates, entered through a calendar-like menu. This menu shall not show dates in the historic or t hose dates that are to a fault ahead in the future(as determined by the airline policy). In case, the trip is a round trip, the system shall also ask the user to enter the departure date on the present trip. Having taken all the above input from the user, the system checks for any ill-considered entries like the departure date on the return trip being earlier than the departure date on the onward trip. In case of incompatibility, the system shall pompousness a suitable error message and lively the user to enter the information correctly. Having taken all of the information ,the system shall flat access the flight schedule database DB-schedule and queries it using the input provided by the user. The system queries the reservation database DB-reservations to check which of the flights on the schedule have seats available. The system displays the results in a suitable form (a tabular form) with the following information depicted for each flight number the flight number, departu re time in origin city, arriver time in destination city, the duration of the flight (taking into account the possibility of a change of time zone) and the number of seats available on that flight.There can be several flights between two cities and all of them will be listed for the peculiar(a) date that the user wants to depart from the Origin City. In case, the user has entered a range of dates, the system shall display all the flights for all those dates in the range.If the user has requested a round trip, the system shall display two tables one for the onward trip and one for the return trip. There will be a check box in front of each line in the table representing a flight with available seats.The user is now asked to check one of the boxes reflecting a choice of a flight number and time. In case of a round trip, the user is asked to check one box each in the two tables.The system shall now display the price of the ticket for the trip. This will be the sum of the prices for all the members of the travel party being represented by the user.The system shall also list any rules regarding the cancellation of tickets what percentage of the price will be give backed within what date ranges. This will be displayed as a table.Making Reservations/Blocking/ hitchAfter having taken the user through the, Checking Availability, The system will now ask the user if he wishes to block/buy the ticket. If yes, andif the user has been a guest, he will have to first register and become a registered user and then log onto the system.If the user is already a registered user, and if he has logged on already, he can block/buy the ticket, but if he has been acting as a guest, he will have to log on.Having ensured that the user is logged on validly according the system compares the departure date with the system date. If the departure date falls within 2 weeks of the system date, the system informs the user that he has no option to block the ticket and asks him if he would li ke to buy it.If the difference between the departure date and system date is more than 2 weeks, the system asks the user if he would like to block or buy the ticket. The system informs the user that he can block the ticket at no cost now. It also informs him that if he chooses to block the ticket, he should make a final purpose before 2 weeks of the departure date. The system shall mail an email to the user, 3 weeks before the departure date as a reminder, in case he decides to block the ticket now.Having taken the input from the user, the system shall now proceed to update the reservation database DB-reservation. It will decrement the number of available seats on the particular flight for the particular class by the number of travelers being represented by the user.In case of a city block, the system makes a note of it in the database to be used if the user doesnt turn up before 2 weeks of the departure date. It generates a blocking number and displays it for the user to note d own.In case the user buys the ticket, the system accesses his profile and charges the price of the ticket to his credit card number. It simultaneously generates a haveation number and displays it to the user for him to note down. The ticket has been reserved.It adds the mileage of the trip (accounting for the number of travelers) to the skymiles in his profile.Confirm TicketA user who has earlier stop a ticket after going through the preceding steps required to either confirm the ticket before two weeks of the departure date or the ticket stands cancelled.To let the user confirm a ticket, the system shall first log him on and ask for his blocking number. Then it accesses DB-reservation and removes the check mark, which so far represented a blocked seat. The seat is now substantiate and reserved for the user.The system accesses DB-user and charges the price of the ticket to the credit card number of the user. It simultaneously generates a confirmation number and displays it for t he user to note down. The ticket has been reserved.It adds the mileage of the trip (accounting for the number of travelers) to the skymiles in his profile.Reschedule TicketThe system shall present the user with an option to re-schedule his travel partys trip. In order to do this, the system first logs on the user and requests his confirmation number. It will not exit a user to reschedule a blocked ticket but only a confirmed ticket. Using this, it queries DB-reservation and presents the details of the trip to the user, including but not limited to origin city, destination city, date of departure and date of arrival (in case the trip is a round trip).The system shall now ask the user to select new dates from the calendar-menu.In case, there are no available tickets for the dates entered, it displays a suitable message ratting him that rescheduling to that date is not possible.In case there are tickets available, the system asks the user to select the flight number for the trip (anot her for the return trip if the trip is a round trip) and bribe to update the database.The system accesses DB-reservation and decrements the number of available seats on the flight(s) by the number of members in the users travel party. It then increments the entry for the previous flight by the same number to reflect an increase in the available seats on it as a result of the rescheduling.The system now checks if there is any difference in the prices of the tickets. If so, it accesses DB-user and charges or credits the credit card as the case may be. The system generates a new confirmation number and displays it to the user.CancellationThe system shall also give the user an option to cancel a confirmed ticket or a blocked ticket.The latter case is simpler and will be dealt with first the system shall first log on the user and request the blocking number. Then it accesses DB-reservation and updates it by incrementing the number of available seats by the number of people in the users travel party.In the former case, i.e., for a confirmed ticket, it asks for the confirmation number and accesses DB-reservation and presents the details of the trip.It then lists the applicable rules for cancellation of tickets and depending on the system date and the departure date, it displays the % of the amount that would be refunded if the user cancels the ticket.After the user cancels the ticket, the system generates a cancellation number and displays it for the user to note down. It accesses DB-reservation and updates it by incrementing the number of available seats on that flight by the number of travelers in the users party. It accesses DB-user and credits the refund amount to his credit card number. The system then deducts the mileage of the trip (taking into account the number of travelers in his party) from the sky miles in his profile.Update ProfileThe system shall enable the user to update his profile at any time. Changes can be make in fields including but not limited to address, phone number and preferred credit card number.View Ticket StatusThe system shall allow a user to view all information about his trip. After logging him on, it asks for his blocking number or his confirmation number. It accesses DB-reservation and retrieves the details of the trip and presents them to the user in a convenient format, including any last minute changes to the flight timings etc. Such changes will be highlighted.Query Flight DetailsThe system shall allow any user (registered or non registered) to access the details about the arrival and departure times of a flight by requesting the user to input the flight number and date. The system accesses DB-schedule and presents the time of arrival and departure.Telephone accessThe system shall be accessible through a touch-tone telephone. The telephonic interface shall, at the least, provide the customer with the facility to check availability of tickets and call into question flight details. The system shall walk th e customer exactly through steps 3.3 and 3.9 respectively but through a telephonic interface.Non-functional RequirementsPerformance result time of the Airline Reservation System should be less than 2 second most of the time. Response time refers to the hold time while the system accesses, queries and retrieves the information from the databases (DB-user, DB-schedule etc) (A local copy of flight schedule database is kept up(p) as DB-schedule to reduce this access time)ARS shall be able to handle at least 1000 transactions/inquiries per second.ARS shall show no visible fall in response time as the number of users or flight schedule data increasesReliabilityARS shall be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekARS shall always provide real time information about flight availability information.ARS shall be fertile enough to have a high degree of fault tolerance. For example, if the user enters a negative number of passengers or a value too large, the system should not crash and shall identify the invalid input and build a suitable error message.ARS shall be able to recover from ironware failures, power failures and other natural catastrophes and rollback the databases to their most recent valid state.UsabilityARS shall provide a easy-to-use graphical interface similar to other existing reservation system so that the users do not have to follow a new style of interaction.The web interface should be intuitive and easily navigable Users should be able to understand the menu and options provided by ARS.Any notification or error messages generated by ARS shall be clear, succinct, cultured and free of jargon.IntegrityOnly system administer has the right to change system parameters, such as pricingpolicy etc. The system should be secure and must use encryption to protect thedatabases.Users need to be authenticated before having access to any personal data.InteroperabilityARS shall minify the effort required to couple it to another system, such as flight schedule database system.Future RequirementsSupport for waiting list functionalityARS shall be made more flexible in ticket reservation handling, and shall accept waiting list for reservation.The waiting list handling capability of ARS shall be made more advanced, by enabling it to send requests to the Flight Scheduler to schedule particular(a) flights, depending on the demand in a particular corridor, and providing the wait listed passengers with a new flight.The telephonic interface of the ARS shall be improved to support more functionality likeallowing the customers to cancel a ticket etc., by incorporating security measures.ARS shall be made more dynamic and helpful to the users by enabling it to send instantmessages to the passengers, of a cancelled or rescheduled flight, through email, phone,Fax etc., informing them about the change, and providing them with other feasiblealternatives.Information about the kind of meals served in a flight and the type ofentertainment offered on a flig ht should be incorporated into the system.Provide serviceintegration with auto rental agencies and hotel chains.Interface for the travel agents shall be provided in the future versions with additional features like informing them of any availability of seats on a flight which was earlier booked to capacity.Choices like aisle or window seats shall be provided to the users.The ARS shall be able to handle the situation where flight services are available to multiple airports in a single city.

Leadership Styles Research Methodology

lead Styles Research modeologyCHAPTER 3 explore METHODOLOGYThis chapter primarily outlines the over each(prenominal) explore methodology. Detailed development of hypotheses, consume procedure use for this stare and sources of entropy en trustfulness be described. Method that was used to collect entropy to run statistical analysis essayament be discussed farther in this chapter.Hypotheses of StudyThe vari suit fitteds identified for this interrogation be leading style, leading sort and employees wrinkle rapture. Hypotheses below ar proposed for this demandH1a Transformational leaders has a significant influence on employees hypothesize satisfaction.H1b Transactional leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.H2a appurtenant leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.H2b Directive leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction.H2c Participative leadership has a significant influence on employ ees job satisfaction.Research Frame bring inThe link among altogether the proposed variables can be described in a research frame incline. Figure 3-1 illustrates the research model.Figure 3-1 The proposed research framework for influences of leadership on employees job satisfaction leadership StyleTransformational leadingH1aTransactional leadershipH1b phone linegratificationLeadership BehaviorH2aH2b encouragingLeadershipH2cDirectiveLeadershipParticipative LeadershipMeasures of cause in the QuestionnaireThe be questionnaire used in this research consists of quad parts. Part A consists of the beat items for leadership style which is further divided to two sections, transformational and transactional leadership. Part B of the questionnaire consists of the billhookment items for leadership conduct and three subsections that is participative, supportive and directional leadership. In Part C, the section measures on employees job satisfaction. Fin every last(predicate)y in Part D , the respondents demographic information is lay in on their age, gender, education level, marital status, job position, and number of years of find out in the presidency, years of establishment of respective organization, number of employees in organization and nature of the organization.The literature review has helped to provide a number of measure items for leadership style, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction in the questionnaire. go over respondents were asked to state their level of agreement for entirely the six constructs discussed previously. The survey questionnaire has choose the five-point Likert scale which ranges from 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) as indicated in parry 3-1.Table 3-1 actor used in the questionnairepowerfully disagree1Disagree2Neither agree nor disagree3Agree4Strongly agree5The measurement items used to operationalize the constructs for the purpose of this study were qualified from relevant previous literature with necessary changes. A abbreviation of the previous(prenominal) research measures that is used in this study is indicated in Table 3-2.Table 3-2 Research variables and measurementConstruct witnessJob Satisfaction Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003)Transformational Gadot (2006)Transactional Gadot (2006)Supportive Lee and Kamarul (2008)Directive Lee and Kamarul (2008)Participative Lee and Kamarul (2008)Job SatisfactionThe items for job satisfaction were choose from Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003). The questionnaire used four items to access respondents satisfaction on their job. Table 3-3 shows the list of questions used for job satisfaction.Table 3-3 Job Satisfaction Diagnostic panorama InstrumentsHow agreeable be you with your job currently?How satisfied argon you with the overall chances of advancement in your organization?How satisfied are you with the career opportunities offered in your organization?How satisfied are you with the nature of the work in your organization ?Source Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003), Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes, An searching empirical assessment Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16 No.4, 2003, pp. 426-447.Leadership styleThe measurement items for leadership style were adapted from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). This measure was first introduced by Bass (1985) and then was further improved by Bass and Avolio (1993). It is used to gauge two leadership style scales, viz. transformational and transactional. Respondents were asked on which particular leadership style their supervisory program nigh relates to. MLQ has been astray adapted by previous(prenominal) researchers in examining the leadership styles.Table 3-4 Leadership Style ItemsTransformational LeadershipMy supervisor instills pride because of their association with the subordinates.My supervisor has gained trust in myself to avoid any obstacles.My supervisor inspires myself to be like him or he r.My supervisor goes beyond his individual interest and focuses on the interest ofhis or her subordinates.My supervisor talks enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished.My supervisor sets realistic vision and guides on achieving them.My supervisor is a symbol of success and accomplishment.My supervisor constantly views the future optimistically.My supervisor constantly suggests new shipway to accomplish things.My supervisor everlastingly introduces new challenges and new assignments.My supervisor encourages to weigh in new ways to solve problems.My supervisor encourages to think creatively and innovatively to solve problems.My supervisor constantly provides coaching to improve my productivity.My supervisor always listens to my concern and helps me to improve.My supervisor always updates me with my performance and does the necessary to develop me.My supervisor treats each individual uniquely and attempts to satisfy subordinates current needs.Transactional LeadershipMy s upervisor give endorses performance when his or her prospects are fulfilled.My supervisor always sets the right expectation with me on what is offered when performance oddments are met.previous to any tasks, my supervisor states assailable on the performance targets, clarify rewards, and punishment when the correct output is fixd.My supervisor considers their relationship with subordinates as a series of contract, deals, or service and reward tradeoffs.My supervisor sets his focus on irregularities, mistakes, exceptions and deviations from standards.My supervisor keeps track on all the error, mistakes and wrong doing by the subordinates.My supervisor urges the subordinates to perform functions strictly according to positions fatality and nothing more.My supervisor is stringent about the rules and regulation of the organization and will take the necessary action if one were to not adhere.My supervisor does not interfere until the problem becomes serious.My supervisor always f ire fights when taking strict measures.My supervisor will scarce step in once the problems are chronic.My supervisor will not fix a problem until it is broken.Source Gadot (2006), Leadership style, organizational politics, and employees performance, An empirical examination of two competing models, Personal go over Vol. 36 No. 5, 2007 pp. 661-683.Leadership BehaviorIn this research, a 13-item was adopted from Lee and Kamarul, (2008). It is used to measure three dimensions of leadership port, namely supportive, directive and participative air. Same as discussed above, survey respondents are requested to rate how closely his or her supervisor relate to the statements provided in the questionnaire. Likert scales was adopted for the respondents to rate the measurement items with (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). There are four items used for supportive leadership, four items used for directive leadership behavior and five items used for participative leadership. Table 3-5 shows the questions adopted for leadership behavior.Table 3-5 Leadership Behavior ItemsSupportive LeadershipMy supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled. supervisor cares for the subordinates welfare.Supervisor does very little to make things pleasant.Supervisor treats all group members as equal.Directive LeadershipSupervisor gives clear counseling and explains on how a work needs to be done.Supervisor decides what and how things should be done.Supervisor maintains definite standards of performance.Supervisor follows a schedule to get work accomplished.Participative LeadershipPrior to making any decisions, supervisor considers the subordinates thoughts and whatthey have to say.Prior to making any decisions, supervisor consults with the subordinates.When a problem arises, supervisor consults with the subordinates.Supervisor asks subordinates for their suggestions and feedback.Supervisor listens to subordinates advice on which assignments should b e made/taken.Source Lee and Kamarul (2008), The moderate effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behavior and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal Vol.30 No.1, 2009 pp.53-86.Sampling and populationThe goal of this study is to understand the relationship between leadership style and behavior on employees job satisfaction in the context of IT industries in Klang valley and Selangor, the first step was to note down all the listed IT companies in Selangor and Klang Valley. This reading was obtained through observation and information provided through colleagues and friends. The population of this research is all individuals who are employees, managers, stakeholders in IT companies in Klang Valley and Selangor. Convenience sample distribution was used for the purpose of this study. This is due to metre constraint, quick responses and it is inexpensive compared to alternate sampling procedures.3.6 Sources of DataTwo methods were used to collect the entropy, namely primary and tributary data. Primary data for this survey was obtained by means of a survey questionnaire. Quantitative approach was used in the survey questionnaire to be able to measure the relationship between the variables that helps in statistical analysis. Secondary data collection was used to gather information through findings by past researchers using the qualitative approach. Journal sources from Emerald, Proquest, Science Direct related to this number was studied to get an understanding on the variables. Besides, online journal sources, books related to this emergence provides exploratory information that is used for this research.3.7 Data CollectionFrom the secondary data resources, a set of pre primed(p) questions were bring outd.. Three methods were used to collect data which is in person administered questionnaire, questionnaires attach wi th emails and online survey questionnaire.3.7.1 Personally Administered QuestionnairePersonally administered questionnaires were displace to all employees and colleagues that are attached with IT Companies in the Klang Valley and Selangor. This method ensured to receive back all the number of questionnaire sent within a short accomplishment of time. The advantage of this method is that it avoided any unusable surveys as if the respondents had any questions they were able to get the answers immediately. Personally administered questionnaire is where most of the survey responses were obtained for this research. A sample of personally administered questionnaire is attached in the Appendix.Questionnaires Attached with EmailsThe availability of internet has helped to send and receive data with a very minimal cost and quicker time span. Questionnaires attached to emails were sent to those who were not easily accessible geographically to empower the questionnaire. Questionnaires are mai led to the target respondents by providing an introduction on the objective of the research and clear guidelines on how to fill the survey and respond back. Although reminders were sent to respondents to increase the survey response, the questionnaires attached to emails received through this method was only 13 (6.5%) out of the overall survey responses. The disadvantage of mail questionnaires attached to emails is, one may not have the time to do the survey immediately at the point that they receive it and have the tendency to lug to response once it is being left for some time in their mailbox.3.7.3 Online questionnaireAn online questionnaire was first used to obtain data for this study. The www.surveyshare.com site was used to create the online questionnaire. The web based tool had the advantage of exporting the survey responses to Microsoft stick out format which is useful for inputting the responses in a structured manner. The automation of data exportation has helped data co llection quickly. It is also cheaper to use the online tool as no paper and printing cost is involved. Data can be analysed as and when survey response is received since it automatically provides a summary and overview of all the survey responses received to date.Statistical ProceduresThe statistical software SPSS recitation 16 was used to analyse all the data obtained from the survey. Frequencies, means, percentage, reliability test (Cronbach coefficient) and multiple regressions were computed using the tool. To analyse the demographic details of the survey respondents, descriptive statistics which includes frequencies and percentages were done. To meet the research objective, multiple regressions were applied to study the significance between the variables as outlined in the research framework.Reliability Test of the Survey InstrumentTable 3-5 presents the reliability measures for the 6 constructs discussed previously. The Cronbachs of import value was determined from a pilot te st with a sample of 30 respondents. The plan of the pilot test is to understand the ease of respondents answering the survey questions. At the same time, the reliability of the survey instrument is determined. The Cronbachs alpha value for job satisfaction, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, participative leadership and directive leadership exceeded 0.70. As for supportive leadership the Cronbachs alpha value is 0.637. Therefore, one of the items for measuring supportive leadership was removed to put up the Cronbachs alpha value to 0.788.Table 3-6 Cronbachs alpha value for six construct from pilot study.Construct Alpha No. of itemsJob Satisfaction 0.806 4Transformational leadership 0.918 16Transactional leadership 0.871 12Participative leadership 0.915 5Supportive leadership 0.637 4Directive leadership 0.824 4

Millennialism and Apocalypse Thought in S. T. Coleridge and William Wor

missing some whole kit and boodle citedTintern Abbey Millennialism and disclosure Thought in S. T. Coleridge and William Wordsworths PoeticsStorming of the Bastille 1789 1During and in the aftermath of the French Revolution, millennialist mentation independent of the myriad of economic and historical reasons for its precipitation influenced many authors. many an(prenominal) people perceived the French Revolution as a bode of an Apocalypse that would usher in a new millenarian epoch, sensation levelling kind distinctions between people and bringing about what was believed to be Christs tyrannical rule. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was such a writer influenced by millennialist and apocalyptic belief in the late-eighteenth-century. His early writings and visions, such as in Religious Musings (1794-6), and Pantisocracy (1794), as well as his proposed communal experiment on the Susquehanna River in the coupled States, mark his belief in a millennium that would eliminate the social ev ils that he saw as detrimental to both individuals and the society in which he lived.The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Revelations 6 1-8, detail from Albert Durer 4The belief in millenarian and apocalyptic movements is one that was, and remains, today pervasive. Its origins are not simply understood, but as Hillel Schwartz notes, its root term, millennium, refers to a first-century eastern Mediterranean text, the Apocalypse of John or Book of Revelation. 2 Schwartz further notes that Among the world religions we can take root two constellations of millenarian thought about an epochal pulsing of time, one Zoroastrian-Jewish-Greek-Christian, the other Hindu-Buddist-Taoist-Confucian. 3 Broadly defined, it is The belief that the end of the w... ..., in Romanticism An Anthology, with CD-ROM, second ed. Oxford & Malden, MA Blackwell, 2000.BACK 11. Earl Leslie Griggs, Ed. Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. I. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1956, 395, 397.BACK 12. Duncan Wu and David Miall, eds. Romanticism An Anthology, with CD-ROM, 2nd ed. Oxford & Malden, MA Blackwell, 2000. ( 271).BACK 13. ib. 191.BACK 14. Ibid.BACK 15. Wordsworth, There is an active principle (1798), 9-11.BACK 16. Coleridge, quoted in Peterfreund, Stuart. Coleridge and the Politics of fine Vision. Critical Essays on Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Ed. Leonard Orr. New York, Toronto Maxwell Macmillan International, 1994, 39.BACK 17. Earl Leslie Griggs, Ed. Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. II. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1956, 1013.BACK 18. http//www.new-harmony.com/

Capital Punishment Essay examples -- essays research papers

CAPITAL PUNISHMENTHundreds of murderers are put into jail and so let out several years later. They say they have erudite their littleon, but yet when they do get out they draw out more than crimes. Thus, sending them back into jail. The only way to make sure these remorseless murderers dont commit these crimes again is by capital punishment. As the Bible says, "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. " If someone commits a capital offense, they should receive a capital punishment, because the state wont have to pay for the deplorables life sequence in jail, it provides the or so complete payback and condemnation, and crime rates allow for begin to drop.      non only should every state in America use the devastation penalty, it should also be done in a a good deal speedy process. Following through with the punishments at a faster pace will cut down on the equals. Today, it be approx. $34,400 per year for 50 years, at a 2% annual cost in crease, plus $75,000 for trials and appeals to house a criminal with life in prison house. This all adds up to just about $3.01 million. The cost for a ending penalty is $60,000 per year for 6 years, at 2% annual cost increase, plus $1.5 million for trials and appeals. This all adds up to be $1.88 million (www.geocities.com), there is no question that the up front costs of the death penalty are significantly higher than the life in prison costs. Yet, there is also no question that over time the costs for life in prison are oft more expensive than the costs of the death penalty. If the government makes it so the criminal has less time to appeal their sentence, the $1.5 million used for appeals and trial will go down. Plus, with DNA technology, today, we can be 100% sure that the offender did commit a capital crime, therefore they will have no take for appeals. If the government is not 100% sure than they will not repay them this sentence, mandating that they do not need to appea l. If they continue to improve our DNA examination and make the time allowed for appeals shorter, if any, than it should save lives, time, and money (www.prodeathpenalty.com).The ultimate penalty of death is necessary for the punishment of terrible crimes because it provides the most complete retribution and condemnation. The brat of execution is a major deterrent of crime. This is because death is so much more feared than the mere restrictions on ones... ...s and criminals are not dealt with fairly?      cap punishment is justified because there wont be worries about the state paying for criminals lifetime in jail, it will provide retribution and condemnation, and crime and murder rates will decrease. Using capital punishment prevents many unnecessary deaths and crimes. If we no longer use it deaths and crimes will increase, out-of-pocket to the fact that the consequences are not severe enough to make the criminal think before they act. Capital punishment is justified Without this consequence for dear capital offenders our lives would be much different. The offenders would be sentenced to life in prison and would have abundant amounts of time to plan a way of escape. If they were prospering they would have the opportunity to commit more serious crimes. If they were not successful, they would be spending endless amounts of time with other inmates and everyone knows what happens when someone spends too much time with someone. They begin to annoy each other, and if someone annoys a uncivilized criminal the outcome cannot be good To prevent all of this from happening, we moldiness enforce the usage of capital punishment.

The Parable of the Wedding Feast Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bible, Go

Marriages in Biblical Tradition typically represent a symbolic expression of the covenantal union between perfection and his raft. A wedding banquet during this magazine period in bill was a joyous occasion that had a great importance in the lives of the betrothed. The Gospel of Matthew, like all the New Testament Gospels, was composed as a literary work to interpret the theological inwardness of a concrete historical event to the people in a particular proposition historical situation (Boring 89). Mt 221-14 utilizes this tradition and expresses wedding celebrations in order to exemplify the significance of deliverymans goal to take aim salvation to those on Earth. The parable of the wedding feast unfolds into three move the inviting of guests, a call to the outcasts, and a removal. (Brown 664) Matthew paints the scene of Jesus using a parable to describe the fact, The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a king who gave a wedding banquet for his son (Mt 222). utilise a weddi ng banquet as the setting for this parable allows people to apply the message of God to their everyday lives. The visualization of the preparations of the oxen and enlarge calves for feasting depicts the nature that this was an important event, worth the sacrifice of animals, which at the time was a great personal expense. Theologically, the kingdom of heaven was represented by the wedding banquet, for those who were invited to the wedding banquet were extended an invitation to the kingdom of God, while the exponent was an image of God, The Father and the kings son was a portrayal of Jesus. (Brown 665)The servants of the king, symbolically known as the prophets, were sent to complete the Kings bidding and to inform the guests of the upcoming wedding banquet. Rather than accept as per ... ...rning the declination of invitations, whereas Luke goes further into detail. Also, the Gospel of Matthew offers a shorter summary in comparing to Luke and includes the second part of the par able, Mt 2211-14. (Lester 308) Matthew directed this passage toward the Matthean indorser for it supplies instruction and a sense of warning to those who wish to enter the farming of Heaven. Matthew uses tension and surprise, in both form and content, to address this situation, while affirming that Jesus Christ, God is with us, is the defining figure around which the communitys self-understanding, imagination, and cordial relations are to be formed (Saunders 871). By presenting the text in the form of a parable, the message of Gods will is omitted in a historical and cultural context that enables society to comprehend the meaning behind the words chosen by Matthew.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The novel opens with a description of artillery-laden troops marching slowly through the rains of late summer and autumn. unmatched of these men is the American Frederic henry, an ambulance driver. Henry is shortly in the Italian army, at the Italian breast during World warfargon I. The main action of these first few chapters begins when Henry returns from winter afford in early spring. His roommate, Rinaldi, is enamored of a British nurse, Catherine Barkley, at a nearby British hospital. Rinaldi convinces Henry to vi sit the hospital with him and Henry finds himself attracted to Catherine. A few days later, Henry comes back to see Catherine and the two kissThe relationship between Henry and Catharine becomes more defined as Henry begins to pay her regular visits. However, the relationship is one devoid of love-to Henry, it is as if they argon playing a plot. Catherine recognizes this as well, and finally declares that it is a "rotten game we play," putting an end to the false lovemaking. Meanwhile, the offensive is about to resume, and Fredrick Henry is dispatched to the front to drive the wounded back to hospitals. At the front, Henry and his fellow ambulance drivers sit in a dugout, eating pasta and waiting for the offensive to begin. one(a) of the drivers, Passini, speaks out against the war, saying that "War is not won by victory. . . . One side must stop fighting. Why dont we stop fighting?" As they talk, reprimands shatter over their heads until finally a trench mortar shell blasts open the dugout. Passinis leg is blown off and he dies both of Henrys legs are severely wounded. At a field hospital, Henry is visited first by Rinaldi, then by the priest. Rinaldi tells Henry that he will get a medal of bravery from the Italians, and jokes about developments. The priest, on the other hand, has more in force(p) matters to talk about. He tries to explain to Henry how "There are mountain who would make war . . . and there are oth er people who would not make war," and how the latter are at the mercy of the former. The priest withal tells Henry that love is a willingness to serve someone else, and that true happiness can be achieved through love. After a few days at the field hospital, Henry is moved away from the front to an American hospital in Milan.