Nestle Philippines Incorporated CSR Essay

Nestlà © Philippines once again demonstrated its full support to environmental protection with the formal recognition of 41 business partners who have been able to improve their environmental performance through their active participation in the Greening the Supply Chain Program (GSC), on their 11th year. Under its Greening the Supply Chain (GSC) program, Nestlà © Philippines is influencing its suppliers, vendors and other business partners to improve their level of environmental performance. â€Å"This ensures the continuous improvement of environmental performance throughout the supply chain, from producing and purchasing of raw materials, to manufacturing, packaging, distribution and finally to the consumer.† Engineer Renato Alvarado, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Corporate Safety, Health and Environment Executive, said. Alvarado explained that the GSC program requires measures to reduce water consumption and energy efficiency initiatives. The company, for its part, has also made substantial investments for its wastewater treatment, solid waste disposal and solid waste segregation. Construction of the new factory will start this month and is expected to be completed in March 2012. The facility will produce Coffee-Mate Non-Dairy Creamer and Bear Brand Powdered Milk Drink. To ensure the program’s effective implementation, Alvarado said they also provide free education on environmental management system and a forum for exchanging best practices for business partners. The firm also makes available its customized assistance such as initial environmental reviews and follow-up visits, he added. â€Å"Environmental protection is a responsibility.† said Alvarado. â€Å"Nestlà © promotes activities which help establish awareness on the importance of  environmental protection, transforming this awareness to conviction and sustainable actions among its employees, business partners and other stakeholders not only in business but even on personal level.†

Observations of Child Development

This paper will discuss a child that was observed on a number of occasions in their family setting at home. It will explore the student social worker's understanding of child development linking theory and reality.. A critical account based on six observations sessions of the child development on†¦.. Drawing on what has been seen and student knowledge on appropriate milestones, literature research and social work theory.The student will reflect on their role as an observer and what has been learnt during the process of observation and it's relevance to social work Different areas of development are inter-related. The ideas, language, communication, feelings, relationships and other cultural elements among which each child is brought up influence his or her development profoundly. (Carolyn Megabit and Gerald Cumberland) (2000) Child Development : An illustrated guide. Henchman.The skills of observation are important and the importance of tone of voice and body language, particula rly when the words spoken might be saying something completely different. Sometimes observing teaches you things that you can't be told and sometimes we are tuned to listen instead of look. A part of the process of becoming a social worker is observation. Observation is the power to see what isn't obvious. Observation is seeing and hearing, and also seeing what's missing, picking up on what is omitted, analytically processing whilst doing the observation.It's important we understand observation is a powerful tool in our assessment and intervention. Observing is an essential skill for everyone working with children. ( Carolyn Megabit and Gerald Cumberland) (2000). Observation helps social workers and students to reflect upon situations before intervening (Pat El Richer and Karee Tanner) Using observational methods are helpful in describing individual's behavior as they interact in real time; and allow the reader to create a verbal picture of the behaviors as they unfold.This is impor tant when social workers are working with children and families in their home (Pipelining, 1996:1), and there is a growing recognition in social work literature around observation in practice (Richer & Tanner, 1998:17). On my first observation I was not nervous but did feel intrusive about entering the Morris's home, I had meet them a few days before and they were very welcoming which eased some of the anxieties I had. I know that as a qualified social worker on some occasions (e. G. Hill protection) I will be meeting the family for the first time when conducting a home visit and they might not be welcoming.Taking the role of observer is what I was most apprehensive about, I was unsure of what to expect on†¦ Cognitive and language development Cognitive or intellectual development is development of the mind- the part of the brain that that is used for recognizing, reasoning, knowing and understanding. Language development is development of communication skills : Receptive speech : what a person understands Expressive speech- the words the persons produces Articulation- the person's actual pronunciations of wordsETC can build towers, can copy a building pattern of three or more cubes 3 years ; Remember and repeat songs and nursery rhymes ; Use personal pronouns and plurals correctly and give their own name and sex and sometimes age ; Carry on simple conversations, often missing link words such as the and is ; Learn to speak more than one language if they hear more than one language spoken around them as they grow ; Enjoys listening to and making music ; Can control their attention, choosing to stop an activity and return to it without much difficulty ; Counts by rote up to ten or more Enjoys playing on the floor with bricks, boxes, toy trains and dolls ;Joins in active make-believe play ; y with other children A Child Observation Assignment By Marie Tree Date Posted: December 1 5th This article was written by Marie Tree in 2010 as a record of her child obser vation assignment for her post-qualifying Specialist Social Work Award course at Portsmouth University. When submitting it article Marie wrote remarked that when completing this assignment she was taken â€Å"back to my early days in the sass's when I did have what now seems the luxury of reflecting on my practice. † [pick] Marie Tree In childhood, everything was more vivid – the sun brighter, the smell of fields sharper, the thunder louder, the rain more abundant and the grass taller†.Constantine Passports The context for my observation was a local authority Children's Centre which provides Offset registered care for babies and children between O months and 5 years. The Children's Centre has been classed as ‘Outstanding' by Offset since June 2006 and has been working with children with additional needs since the sass's. The setting was a group of 12 children of mixed sexes, all of mixed abilities such as physical and learning difficulties. The group was we ll staffed (by women) with some children having one to one support. The setting is headed by a teacher and the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum guides the work, and the children learn through play.The observations were based upon the Atavistic model (Pick 1964) and my remit was to observe a child for lax hours and record my observations after the sessions. I also included my reflections, dilemmas and prejudices with my seminar group. The staff at the Children's Centre were aware of my role, and the purpose of my observations. A oh year old little girl was selected and I shall call her Anna (pseudonym). I had no contact with Anna's parents, although the Children's Centre informed them of my remit and they gave their written consent. The first session took place after lunch and I placed myself at the back of the room, discreetly tucked into a corner hoping that my presence would not be noticed. How wrong I was!The room was filled with an array of spontaneous discoveries, books, toys, computers, sand, paint and dressing up clothes and the clutter of noise and emotions reminded me of my own home where I have three young children, where exploring the world extends their nascent theories as to how the world works. Initially, I found it very difficult to sit and focus on Anna solely, as I was used to talking and making eye contact with children, and not being able to engage or speak was difficult. For the first session, I watched Anna intently and I had to clear my head of any Judgments of her which were purely based on bits of information I had picked up from staff.I had based assumptions of Anna's background and life, which were purely speculative and ill informed. It was this reflection that helped me focus between fact and feeling and challenging myself on how the information I had been given about Anna had given considerable weight in owe I thought she might play and socialize with other children. I needed to separate these two contradictory parts (Goldst ein, 1990). I watched Anna carefully glide from one activity to the next, first playing with the sand letting it quickly sift through her fingers and making shapes and marks with the palms of her hands. She slowly toddled off when a young boy, eager to play more adventurously nudged her out of the way.Watching Anna play, I did think of her goals and what she was trying to create through her thought and actions, and I did think of Piglet's (1973) theory on children's cognitive development. Again, I had to challenge my assumptions on stages of Piglet's theory as they are not fixed and concrete in any child. On several occasions, children came up to me bringing toys, books and requests to go to the toilet, and at one point, a young child stood in front of me for what seemed like a very long time. I replied only briefly to the children and avoided eye contact when possible. My desire to become involved with the children was very strong, and it was difficult to refuse a simple request fr om a small child.However, remaining in a passive role allowed me to stand back and slow down and examine in detail the allegations with the child. (Bridge et al, 1996, p. 1 13). The method of sitting observing Anna was at times alien to me and having no prescriptive focus other than observe made me feel vulnerable. It felt like the anxieties that Seal (2003) identified in his work as ‘professionals giving up control and being open to what is emerging'. (Seal, 2003, p. 16). How I managed my feelings around observing Anna also reminded me of the work by Isabel Minimizes Lath (1989) who wrote about anxiety and how its experience, expression and sublimations are a major factor in determining personal ND institutional behavior.I often refer to the work of Isabel Minimizes Lath when I am faced with uncertainties, and it is my acknowledgment and containment of these feelings that will impact on the overall work that I do with children and their families. In the room with Anna, I had to contain my feelings around the observation. Anna continued throughout my observation to drift from one activity to the next. At one point, I observed her clasp the hand of a worker and pull her gently towards the book corner. The worker gently tapped the hand of Anna, letting her know she was aware of the request. At that moment, I thought of how unique and complex children are as they do not have the language to explain how they think and explore the world that surrounds them. By slowing down and observing them, we have the advantage and a willingness to speculate.Ending the hour observation was less problematic than I thought and I quietly put my coat on and said goodbye with a few children holding gaze with me as I left the room. In the next session with Anna, I felt more relaxed and in tune with what I was trying to do. It was much more comfortable not having to put any kind of theory into practice. I had the added luxury of not having paper and pens or an assessment to compl ete. It was a time to observe Anna and explore my own feelings. Anna made eye contact with me on a few occasions and I would not be convinced that she knew that I was watching her; however, that is purely my interpretation. In this session, Anna lay dozing on and off on a bean bag, and although she already had had a nap earlier, she seemed somewhat tired and lethargic that day.Beside Anna, on a separate beanbag, lay a child with cerebral palsy, and at that moment, I felt a gush of emotion run through me, and I was minded of my own child with learning and mobility problems. Two children, side by side, one able bodied and the other, confined to a soft cushion. Rusting (2004) identifies this problem well and suggests that recognizing feelings and working with this is very important in the work that we do. I am aware as a practitioner, that we risk professional dangerousness if our roles and boundaries are not clearly defined. Our relationships with clients need to be based on objectivi ty and self awareness. This allows us to step outside our emotional needs and to be sensitive to the needs of others. (HOMOS, 1988: Protecting Children).I believe for any effective intervention, the worker must remain quite distinct and separate, whole and intact. It was good to be able to discuss my feelings with my seminar group and it is Erikson (1950) who talks about basic trust as the first stage of the eight stages of man. I believe that talking about observations was now similar to that described by Wainscot (1965) as holding and Boon (1962) as containing, and what emerged from the seminar group was a secure base where thoughts and feelings could be openly discussed amongst ourselves, and it was the first time that as a seminar group, that we spoke freely and openly about experiences during observations.The remaining sessions observing Anna became enjoyable and watching her play was fascinating as her tiny hands grasped and touched the toys and objects around her. By observin g her, I was to enter her world of self wonderment and capture moments by focusing solely on her. I am aware of the importance of endings and although I had clearly given my remit to the staff, I said goodbye to the children and thanked them for allowing me to sit in their class. I think that they were more interested in circle time and the nursery rhymes to notice my quiet departure from the room. Conclusion Observing Anna had brought back the sense of refocusing on the child and their world. Being able to discuss feelings within the seminar group helped to contain hidden ideologies and prejudices within myself.Humphreys (1988) puts this very well by describing ‘perspective transformation' in which we can reflect and challenge our belief system, and through this, transformation occurs. Having no social work task to do was a luxury. To sit and observe was a chance to explore the children's lack of power, vulnerability and dependence on adults. So much of social work time is sp ent n the speed of completing assessments, ticking boxes, and only the neediest of children receive a service. In my view, much is lost to the benefits of observing children. Too often, only a snapshot of a child is all that a social worker can grasp when working with children and much is lost by not having a space for reflective and analytical practice which gives the worker a platform to critically evaluate and challenge their work.

A Critical Evaluation of BRITISH AIRWAYS

A Critical Evaluation of BRITISH AIRWAYS HISTORY & BACKGROUND OF BA British Airways has been in operation since 1930s. During the start of the World War II, British Airways and Imperial Airlines merged together and started a new subsidiary company British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). The aim was to provide the long distance international services and to cover the short distance services in Europe. The British European Airways (BEA) was in operation. (Papadogiannis, 2006). In 1974, BOAC and BEA merged together to operate under the brand name of â€Å"British Airways†. During the early 1980s, BA encountered some financial problems. Therefore, Sir John King was appointed to take control over the privatization project which successfully transformed the organization in the year 1987. (Datamonitor, 2005) http://thanabut.blogspot.com/2007/05/1-introduction-this-report-is-written.html ORGANIZATION’S OVERVIEW British Airways is the UK’s largest & one of the leading premium airlines of the world. It oper ates its flights to the finest airports around the globe. The focal point of BA’s business is London with major operations at Heathrow, London City & Gatwick airport. Around 20  million people reside within the distance of these airports. Along with the passenger services, they also deal in worldwide air cargo business. They have one of the most extensive & busiest international air networks. In conjugation with their franchise partners they connect over 300 major destinations (airports) in the world. Records depict that BA carried around 32 million passengers all over the world in the year 2009/10. BA contributes a significant share in the UK economy. They play a crucial role in trade, commerce, fulfilling needs for business & leisure travel. During the financial year 2009/10 they generated revenue of about 8 billion GBP, which was 11% less as compared with that of the previous financial year. Out of this total revenue 87% came from the passenger travel, while cargo transp ortation accounted for 7 per cent & the remaining 6% revenue was from other activities. They transported & delivered about 760,000 tones of cargo to several destinations in Europe, America, Asia & all over the world. By the end of the fiscal year in March, 2010 BA had a large fleet of 238 aircrafts in service, which comprises of Boeing 747s,737s,757s,767s, Airbus 318s, 319s, 320s, 321s, Avros & Embraers etc. BA has a huge manpower of over 40,000 employees. (Hoovers, 2006) (www.britishairways.com) MISSION & GOALS OF BRITISH AIRWAYS Mission of British Airways The slogan of British Airways is â€Å"The World’s Favourite Airline,† so the organization’s mission is to make this slogan a reality by providing world class & efficient services both in-flight and on the ground. (http://finance.mapsofworld.com) The mission statement of British Airways is to be a leader in the international aviation sector & world travel industry. In order to successfully achieve this missio n they follow certain principles:- Honesty & a sense of responsibility towards their customers & company’s policies. Safety & security of passengers & the employees. Developing a strong feeling of innovativeness & team spirit among the staff members. Developing a global approach by delivering high quality services worldwide. It is the dream of every organization to achieve appreciation in the form of customer loyalty & long term relationship. The management aims at maximising profits by reducing the extra costs involved in the production process. Similarly, in the airline industry also customer satisfaction is given the first priority. Customers should get the value for their money. http://books.google.co.uk

Week 3 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 3 Discussion - Essay Example Schools need to take an active role in developing as well as promoting the physical, emotional, mental, and social health of students. There is also need to engage students in meaningful work. Since health is so relevant to students, undertaking tasks that are related to promoting their health can be used in capturing students’ interest and enhance development of skills and knowledge in other curriculum areas. By working closely with the community and families, schools have a chance to positively influence the health of students. In the past, many schools were against allocating their resources to health programs since benefits of these programs seemed insufficient. Today, however, benefits of these programs are clear. Studies have shown that introducing school-based health programs have many positive changes in the health-related behaviors of students (Meeks et al., 2011). The curriculum should demonstrate students’ ability to well with a wide range of both at school and out of school. It should encourage students to behave in positive ways towards others. It is will be of great importance for one to distinguish between a person’s own feelings about the behaviors or opinions and the need to respect the rights of others (Meeks et al., 2011). The curriculum needs to emphasize on different nutritional needs during different stages of life. For example, it needs to emphasize on different nutrition during infancy, early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The effects of nutrition on appearance, behavior and mental performance should be highlighted in the curriculum (Meeks et al.,

Gap Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gap Analysis - Assignment Example Currently, Motorola has been on a declining verge for its total assets, operating income, revenue sales, and profitability (Motorola Solutions Inc., 2014). These outcomes have been noted by analysts to be the outcome of a collective set of organizational inadequacies which have been within the ranks of the organization for several years now (Literral, 2008) As a corporation which once used to be a global leader and strong competitor in the mobile phone industry, the desired state of Motorola was for it to continue recording growth both in terms of market capitalization and market size. The rationale for this positioning is that as an advantage of globalization, the use of modern technological tools such as mobile phones in transacting basic businesses and commerce has been increasing tremendously. This has given room to several companies in the mobile phone industry which did not use to be known as major global firms to take advantage to strategically grow and expand their business horizon (Literral, 2008). Based on the business principle of brand equity therefore, it was expected that Motorola would continue to compete effectively in this industry rather than be heard in the news for most appalling reasons that it has currently been heard for. As noted by Chau (2008), performance outcomes within organizations are a process rather than an event. What this implies is that the variables and factors that lead to an organization recording a certain level of performance is not something that happens overnight. Rather, it happens as a gradual process that is achieved through the collective efforts of all human resource within the organization. In the case of Motorola, most experts have blamed the current state to performance deficiencies that have come about as a result of poor innovative reasoning by employees (Literral, 2008). As the mobile phone industry is at the center of the

Wooden Chairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Wooden Chairs - Essay Example Thirdly, pollution prevention mechanism is adopted to reduce air, water and soil pollution caused by wastes and gas emissions from the production of chairs. Lastly, recycling is used to put wastes into use and minimize wastes. In terms of implementation, the briefing paper suggests the formation of a five-member committee to oversee the implementation of the programme through planning, monitoring and evaluation. Wooden furniture production industries play significant roles in the process of development in tropical countries with abundant sources of wood and timber. Wooden furniture industries contribute economic benefits and enhance economic growth in such countries (International Trade Centre and International Tropical Timber Organization, 2005). Wood-processing companies such as companies producing wooden chairs create employment and expand the tax base of the country. They also promote the development of physical and institutional infrastructure needed for social and economic development of tropical countries. Furthermore, wooden chairs producers provide foreign exchange earnings and encourage investment in support industries. However, there are various challenges that wooden furniture producers need to consider in their business. This briefing paper will address one of the challenges affecting the company producing wooden chairs – environmental or social impact. Any organisation engaged in the production of goods using natural resources needs to consider environmental or social issues in order to enhance environmental and social sustainability for a sustainable development (International Trade Centre and International Tropical Timber Organization 2005). In this period when climate change is becoming real, human life is directly and indirectly affected. Therefore, companies producing furniture need to develop mechanisms that may be used to conserve natural resources and prevent

Building the Boeing 787 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Building the Boeing 787 - Term Paper Example The lightness of this Boeing 787 translates into large savings in terms of costs and fuel consumption. In addition to that, the Boeing 787 includes other notable innovations such as state-of-the-art electronics connected to the passenger compartment and to the flight deck, greater headroom, and larger windows. In order to accomplish the building of the Boeing 787, the company had to outsource part of its work (Hill, 2011). This paper will seek to provide the benefits of outsourcing to foreign suppliers and the risks involved in such dealings. To begin with, when a company outsources part of its work to either foreign or local suppliers, it reduces the risks involved in producing the intended materials. Since Boeing was dealing or otherwise gambling with very risky materials, it was a crucial step to have its suppliers manufacture part of the materials on the company’s behalf (McIvor, 2010). Particularly, risks involved in technological complexity are immense and can result to significant meltdown of a company’s resources. It is agreeable that manufacturing aircraft materials especially composite ones is expensive, time consuming, and technological irrational (Sparrow, 2003). Therefore, for Boeing to outsource 70 percent of the total content needed to build the jet to other manufacturers in other countries helped them minimize the risks it would stand to incur in case of mistakes. Therefore, outsourcing helped Boeing share among its suppliers the risks involved manufacturing such materials as well as in the building of such a risky technologically multifaceted aircraft (Brindley, 2005). Outsourcing makes the contracted companies feel being as part of the overall manufacturing process, which in turn brings a sense of contribution and ownership. Research findings show that such a feeling is pragmatic for business support (Hill, 2011). The Boeing’s outsourcing idea was critical. In fact, it made the partners feel included in the

Corporate Social Responsibility of Microsoft Corporation Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility of Microsoft Corporation - Essay Example Corporate Social Responsibility of Microsoft Corporation Corporate social responsibility indicates the concept whereby the business organizations, along with their business activities, aims to address the social and environmental issues through interacting with stakeholders at various levels and integrating business process with socio-environmental orientation. In this report, the inclination of the world famous technology company, Microsoft Corporation towards their corporate social responsibility will be investigates. Microsoft Corporation is the leading developer, manufacturer, licence provider and seller of computer software, hardware and services in the whole world. As on 2014, this America based company has generated revenue of US$ 93.58 billion and is responsible for employment of 118,584 individuals throughout the world (Microsoft Corporation, 2014). Naturally, in order run such widespread business, the business organization is required to interact with various entities in the global environment and society at large. Microsoft Corporation started operating in the computer software and electronics industry of United States in 1975. The founder, Mr. Bill Gates has driven the organization so efficiently that within a short span of time, it conquered the whole world. The company is renowned for its software products such as Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Skype, Xbox etc. and services such as MSN, Bing, and Outlook etc. Xbox is considered to be the flagship hardware product for Microsoft Corporation.

The perception eassay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The perception eassay - Essay Example Self-concept affects the formation of the style of behavior and human activity. In other words, it largely determines the dynamics and direction of development of the person. Psychologists study self-concept from different perspectives. Thus, the assessment of oneself as a whole as good or bad is considered to be general self-esteem, and the assessment of the achievements in selected activities is called private. It is essential that private evaluation may develop unevenly. Factors that affect the self-concept can be viewed from different perspectives, so-called the particular others and generalized others. In addition, we can divide it into actual (what has already been achieved) and potential (that one is capable for). It may be adequate, when the opinion of the person currently coincides with the fact that he really is. The person properly correlates his capabilities and skills; he is sufficient critical to himself, analyzing his failures and successes, trying to set goals that can be achieved in practice. Examining the progress he uses not only his own point of view, but also trying to predict how other people would react. In those cases when a person evaluates himself not objectively, when his opinion of himself differs from what is considered by others, self-concept is often inadequate, and is divided into overcharge and undercharge one. When self-concept is inadequate, a person has a misconception about himself, idealized image of his personality and capabilities, of his value in others` eyes. Based on the written above, I can describe my self-concept as adequate. Im not trying to please others too much, but at the same time I do not forget that my opinion is not considered as the only right. I can be described as a person, who understands what self-esteem feeling is. I know my rights as a human being, and do not

Bias or the Predisposition an Issue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bias or the Predisposition an Issue - Assignment Example The title itself gives away the author’s leaning against Karadzic using the word â€Å"mock† – a word that has harsh implications such as to treat somebody with scorn. Though according to the article the former Bosnian President has â€Å"demanded another nine months to prepare his defence† (Charter, 2009, para. 2) and â€Å"mock† can literally mean to prevent something, the choice of words connotes Karadzic’s actions to cause frustration or humiliation- a far too great accusation that becomes personal in relation to the judges present at the court. Other words used to describe Karadzic include â€Å"a psychiatrist who hoodwinked many with his disguise† (Charter, 2009, para. 3) and â€Å"wraithlike shadow† (Charter, 2009, para. 4). The first description already insinuates that the former Bosnian Serb leader is indeed already guilty of tricking his whole nation even before the trial has started. The writer here forgets that the t rial is ongoing in the first place to assess whether Karadzic is guilty or not. The second description, on the other hand, is plainly a figure of speech- a rhetorical device that appeals to the imagination of readers to suggest how evil Karadzic is. Upon further inspection of the way the article is written, the tone of the writer becomes apparent: he is the one who is, in fact, mocking Radovan Karadzic as he mimics the actions of the defendant by putting them into words in a demeaning way: It seems that his exasperation subsided when Karadzic â€Å"finally graced the UN war crimes court† (Charter, 2009, para. 1) – his tone condescending in even being patient for Karadzic’s arrival. The placement of certain facts and the pertaining to the defendant can put emphasis on ideas and also give away the inclination of the writer: The placement of â€Å"a psychiatrist who hoodwinked many with his disguise on the run as a New Age healer and who prides himself as a master of mind game†Ã‚  (Charter, 2009, para. 3) between dashes is sure to stick to the reader’s mind as the whole story of the life of Radovan Karadzic, not to mention the reference to Karadzic being a â€Å"master of mind games† (Char ter, 2009, para. 3) will surely make readers think twice before sympathizing with him.

English and English Literature Coursework Dubliners Essay Example for Free

English and English Literature Coursework Dubliners Essay These stories are all about escape and how characters are unable to escape. In the light of this quotation, I am going to discuss Dubliners, with close detailed reference to two of the stories, Eveline and The Boarding House. There are many similarities between these two stories, as well as contrasts. In Eveline, her father is a drunkard and is also the head of the house, whereas in The Boarding House, Pollys father, was a shabby stooped little drunkard who lives separated from his family. Pollys father has been cut-off from her life, and Evelines mother is dead. The similarity here, is that each child has had one of their parents cut off from a period of their life. Eveline wants to escape to Buenos Aires, to get away from her poverty in Dublin. Mr Doran wants to escape from the prospect of marriage. This brings us to one of the main points of the book, the characters inability to escape. Eveline has been given the chance to escape from her life, where she had to work hard both in the house and at business. Poor Eveline, however, finds that she is unable to move forward. She lacks the courage and strength to make that leap that will free her of her oppressive situation. . Shes sees her lover as a possible source of danger: All the seas of the world tumbled about her heart. He was drawing her into them: he would drown her. Instead of an uncertain but hopeful future, her paralysis will make a certain and dismal future that may well repeat her mothers sad life story. In Mr Dorans case, the theme of powerlessness is conveyed his situation. As with many other characters in Dubliners, various social pressures, like his job and his reputation, combine to rob him of choice. Mrs Mooney wants her daughter to escape her current poverty and the possibility of a working life for marriage, while Mr Doran wants to escape the tying down of marriage and enjoy his free life. Mr Doran nonetheless cannot escape. At the end of The Boarding House, Mrs Mooney tells Polly, Come down, dear. Mr Doran wants to speak to you. The reader is struck by the tremendous irony of the situation, since it is clear that Mr Doran does not really want to speak to Polly. He has been bullied and terrified into proposing marriage to her. These simple words are the hallmark of Mrs Mooneys accomplishment. Frank wants to take Eveline away, but Eveline is unsure. It was hard work-a hard life-but now that she was about to leave it she did not find to a wholly undesirable life. Polly wants to settle with Mr Doran, but Mr Doran is unsure, however he does not have a choice: What could he do now but marry her or run away? He could not brazen it out. Mr Doran has the choice to run away, but this is not an option for Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone elses business. Both Frank and Mr Doran can be seen as saving the two girls from poverty. Mr Doran and Eveline are both described as helpless. Mr Doran himself says, I felt helpless, while Eveline is described as passive like a helpless animal. At the end of each story, an iron railing is mentioned. Eveline gripped with both hands at the iron railings, using them as an anchor, preventing her from drowning into the seas of the world. The railings help Eveline think of thoughts which keep her from leaving. Polly uses the iron railings as an anchor to clear her thoughts. There was no longer any perturbation visible on her face. Both Mr Doran and Eveline feel that it is their duty to stay and face the consequences. Mr Doran longed to ascend through the roof and fly away yet a force pushed him downstairs step by step. Eveline finds that she is paralysed by the needs of her father and her promise to her mother to keep the home together as long as she could. Eveline starts a series of stories dealing with various kinds of marriage and courtship. In Eveline, marriage presents the possibility of escape. The Boarding House gives us marriage as a social convention and a trap. Two Gallants reduces marriage and courtship to its animal. Two Gallants gave us men taking advantage of a young woman. The Boarding House gives us a more respectable social setting, but the basic cynicism about love and relationships between the genders remains. The economic conditions are also expressed in Eveline and The Boarding House. To save money in The Boarding House, pieces of broken bread are collected to help make Tuesdays bread-pudding. The sugar and butter is kept safe under lock and key. In Eveline, there is an invariable squabble for money on Saturday nights. Evelines dead mum controls her while Mr Doran is controlled by Mrs Mooney. Mrs Mooney and Evelines mum are both very different people in the sense that Mrs Mooney is strong and independent and Evelines mum is weak and dependent. Evelines love for Frank leads her to escape whereas Mr Dorans love for Polly leads him to confine his life with marriage. Eveline is forced into making her decision to stay by duty to her family. Mr Doran has put himself into his situation and it driven further by Mrs Mooney. Both Eveline and Mr Doran have occupational restrictions. Mr Doran had been employed for thirteen years in a great Catholic wine-merchants office and publicity would mean the loss of his sit. All his hard work would be gone for nothing. Eveline, however, is oppressed by her employer and would not cry many tears at leaving the Stores. One of the striking elements of The Boarding House is Mrs Mooneys silence. Her daughters respect is not really a concern, because she knows about the affair from the start. What matters to her is trading on her feigned outrage to get a social arrangement that will benefit her daughter. Mrs Mooney manipulates the weaker Mr Doran, using his concern for his job and his fear of scandal. The story concludes with the fact that Mr Doran has spoken to Mrs Mooney and now wants to speak to Polly. This probably suggests a proposal of marriage, and the trap is implied in the final line: Then she remembered what she had been waiting for. Marriage is the price which Doran must pay in order to keep his job, since Dublin is such a small city: everyone knows everyone elses business The stages-of-life structure continues in Eveline. In previous stories like The Sisters and Araby, children had been main characters. Eveline is an adult, a young woman old enough to get married. Joyce gives us the terrible poverty and pressure of her situation. The weight of poverty and family responsibilities bear down on this young woman heavily and her financial situation is far worse than that of the three boy narrators of the previous stories. She is trapped in an ugly situation, responsible for her siblings and the aging father who abuses her. In conclusion, it can be said that Joyce presents the themes of escape and paralysis in Dubliners. They show how Joyce sees the city of Dublin.

Causes and Effects of Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of Alcohol Essay Many cultures use alcohol as a social drink and a way to relax. People also drink alcohol for different causes. For example: loneliness caused by life changes, to face with depression, influence of older friends or parents. The ethyl alcohol or ethanol, in alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine and liquor is a central nervous depressant, which has short-term and long-term effects on the body. First of all, Loneliness caused by life changes, such as failing health, the death of loved ones or moving to a different home a family history of drinking or alcohol abuse or who spend time with others who drink may be more likely to drink alcohol. Alcohol and the Body * When you drink alcohol, your bloodstream absorbs the alcohol from your stomach and small intestine. Your liver only metabolizes a small amount of alcohol at a time; the rest continues to flow through your bloodstream. Excess alcohol traveling through the bloodstream depresses the central nervous system, causing symptoms such as drowsiness and slowed reaction time. Intoxication * If you drink more alcohol than your body can metabolize, you will become intoxicated. Symptoms of intoxication, also called getting drunk, include poor judgment, slurred speech, loss of balance, feeling of warmth and an increased risk of injury. If you drink too much alcohol at once, you could go into a coma or die. However, these symptoms and their severity differ from person to person; how alcohol affects your body depends upon your age, gender, ethnicity, heredity, physical condition, how quickly you drink alcohol, whether youve eaten food while drinking and whether youve taken prescription drugs or other drugs. Long-Term Effects * The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that women not exceed one drink per day and men not exceed two drinks per day. Drinking too much alcohol has negative health effects over time. For example, drinking too much increases your risks of some types of cancer, brain damage, and liver damage and immune system problems. It also makes some health problems worse, such as osteoporosis, ulcers, diabetes and high blood pressure. People who abuse alcohol may also have problems at school, work or home, have a higher risk of driving drunk or become physically dependent on alcohol. Warning * Even moderate drinking isnt safe for everyone. Children, adolescents, pregnant women, people who plan to drive or operate machinery, people who cannot limit their drinking and people taking certain medications should not drink any alcohol. Impairment of motor functions begins at a lower level than the legal limit for intoxication, so its safest to avoid drinking completely before driving.

Proposal for Health Promotion Framework

Proposal for Health Promotion Framework Topic: Alcohol The purpose is to propose a health promotion framework Background of the program: Alcohol is one of the topics covered by the health promotion agency. The health promotion agency runs programs like no beersies, say yeah, nah, levy on alcohol ,dont know? dont drink.these programs have recognized the adverse effects on consumption of alcohol and therefore promote reduction or complete stoppage on its intake . Dont know? Dont drink, focuses on pregnant women or women who have the slightest doubt of being pregnant. There is no known safe limit or known safe time which would allow the women to have alcohol without causing harm to the developing fetus. Alcohol crosses the blood brain barrier causing a number of birth defects like low birth weight, distinctive facial features, heart defects, behavior problems, intellectual disability . Dont know? Dont drink is an evidence based program which works in all sectors adding to health and well being of the population. This program works by promoting health and well being, enabling health promoting initiatives and environments, informing health promoting policy and practice. Similarly the other programs like no beersies and say yeah, nah,are giving their contribution towards the reduction of consumption of alcohol. Description The intervention recognizes alcohol consumption as a community problem. According to Ottawa charter, strengthening community actions is defined as expanding the resources and capacities of community to make decision and take collective action to increase their control over determinants of their health.(D.Fry and A.Zak.2016). it gives opportunities to bring the people together of the community. This can be done by providing resources by which the people can take decisions and participate collectively. Te pa mahutonga is a health promotion model , promoting the health of maori. It promotes healthy lifestyles for the maori population. Alcohol is a risk factor and risk factors impose threat to a healthy lifestyle. A large number of maori population whether young or old is surrounded by the risk laden life style. In order to reduce the risk and to lead a healthy lifestyle, the harm should be minimized, the interventions should be targeted, management of risk, relevance of culture and positive development.(m.durie,1999) This program gives an equal amount of chance of participation and is based on the equity principle whose goal is to create an environment where everyone like people coming from all income group, ethnicity have access to good health.( Tones, K., Tilford, S. 2001) This program gives an individual an option of participation thus giving him empowerment, and allowing the individual to take their own decision. The general and the maori population will be equally benefited if there is equal amount of participation and equal amount of opportunity. This is based on the equity principle of health promotion ..( Tones, K., Tilford, S. 2001) The targeted population is based on equity principle Question 9 is also based on te pae mahutongas principle of healthy lifestyles. Ottawa charter explains the principle of Building healthy public policy which that means advocating for, establishing and/or implementing explicit actions by government (international ,national ,state or local). According to Geoffrey Rose, population based interventions have the ability detect the determents of health on a large scale.(2001). Te pae mahutongas principles of healthy lifestyle is also applicable. Question 11 relates to creating supportive environment from ottwa charter, by creating ways and means through which health is supports and protected from any social or environmental hazards. Approach to community falls under the principle of developing personal skills and criteria on lessons for program effectiveness of ottawa charter. Application: 1) yes. This intervention brings the community together through run a promotion and helps the individual in takeing decisions. 2) yes. The program does help maori population for better health care but more focus is needed to be given on this as it specifically does not do so. 3) yes. The program gives opportunity to general as well as maori to participate actively . There are equal opportunities for general and maori population but still more focus is to be added on to the maori population considering them as the minority. 4) yes 5) may be. it will depend on the amount of participation. 6) the general population is more benefited since their involvement is more. Also the promotion strategies used does not show maori involvement, which could be a reason as they cannot relate to it. 7) the targeted population, in this case the pregnant women will be benefited since they will be aware and avoid consumption of alcohol after knowing its ill effects. Dont know? dont drink program focuses on women who are pregnant or other women who have the smallest chance of being pregnant. So this program will indeed benefit the targeted population of women. 8) yes. 9) yes. Programs like no beersies, say yeah,nah, focus on the lifestyle in which people are living. It gives ways and means by which we can avoid having alcohol and still be surrounded by the same peers Programs like no beersies and say yeah, nah campaign for the reduction in consumption of alcohol in such a way that they stay in their group and can still avoid drinking alcohol. So a person need not necessarily drink just for being with his mates 10) yes. By reducing the intake of alcohol, the amount of drink and drive cases will be reduced thus saving lives. 11) yes. 12) the program address the people by promoting, enabling and informing 13) yes. 14) yes. there are on researches which are then later implemented. 15) no Conclusion: Overall it can be seen that most of the programs satisfy the health promotion models of Ottawa charter and te pae mahutonga as well as the principles of health promotion however, there should still be emphasis on maori health approach and on building healthy public health policy. Reference: D. Fry and A. Zack, (may 19,2016). applying the Ottawa charter to inform health promotion programme design.health promotion international, daw022. Durie, M. (1999, December). Te Pae Mahutonga: A model for Maori health promotion. In Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand Newsletter (Vol. 49, No. 2-5). Tones, K., Tilford, S. (2001). Health promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. Rose, G. (2001). Sick individuals and sick populations. International journal of epidemiology, 30(3), 427-432. Appendix Does this intervention bring the community together? Does this intervention help the maori population to better health care? Does this program give an equal opportunity of chance to all for participation? Does this intervention give choices to the population? Are the general population and maori population equally benefited? Who is most benefited? How will this intervention benefit the targeted population? Is this intervention accessible? Does this intervention focus on altering the lifestyle in which people are living? Does the aim of the program help in protecting against any hazards? Does the motivated persons behavior influence others as well? By what means does the program approach to the community? Are the programs carried out by this intervention based on any evidence? Is the intervention supported by any government policy? Does the intervention focus on building healthy public health policy?

our town :: essays research papers

Our Town   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our Town, by Thornton Wilder is a play that takes place in a small fictional town of Grover's Corner, New Hampshire; beginning in 1901 and ending in 1913. The play takes the audience through the cycles of life, with the purpose of getting a message across stating that life shouldn't be taken for granted. Emily Webb, one of the most important characters in the play, is Wilder's character in which he uses to show the audience a message that anyone would understand and relate to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily is a character that is normal enough so that the audience could relate to her; and be different in little ways that makes people love and admire her. These cycles makes her common, thus relatable to the audience. Without going through common events in life, the character would seem distant and likeable to the audience. Similarly, when Emily said that she expects a man to be perfect, it makes her special. Wilder put in that scene because he believed that even though there is a basic image of an average person, to be truly average, the character must have a difference to separate the character from the crowd. If the character doesn't have any differences, then the character would be faceless; impossible for the character to take a major role in the play. Emily is portrayed uniquely in her own way, and yet is still within the boundaries of everyone else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character Emily plays a crucial scene in the play, the part where Emily went back to her twelfth birthday. At first, Emily wanted to go back and relive the happiest day of her life, but Mrs. Gibbs stopped her and told her to visit a normal day instead. Mrs. Gibbs knew what would happen to Emily if she had relived a joyful day in her life. If Emily had went back to a special occasion, she would've been overwhelmed by the all the beauty that she didn't pay attention to. Therefore, Emily went to relive her twelfth birthday, but wasn't as happy as she thought she would have been.

AA Meeting :: Free Essay Writer

12 Step Meeting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The meeting I attended took place in Bothell on a weeknight at 7:00 pm in the evening. The meeting was held in a local church and there were 17 people in attendance, excluding myself. Among the 17 people, there were 6 women and 11 men. The average attendee was approximately between the ages of 40-50, 4 people were under the age of 30, and two were somewhere around 60. Of the 17 people, 16 were white and one woman was of an Asian-American descent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The focus of the meeting was Step #2 –humility. There were a few AA birthdays and in general the meeting consisted out of birthday-people reliving their stories and some talking about humility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to the meeting I was expecting to enter into a room filled with smoke and nervous, agitated people. My impression of AA and of alcoholics mostly came from movies and my own prior experience with population suffering from different psychiatric disorders. I was expecting a lot of smoking, coffee drinking, twitching and general nervous behaviors. To my surprise the meeting mostly was attended, by normal in appearance people, that I would never suspect of having any addiction problems. The people were not twitching (to my surprise), but instead were very calm, cool and collected. Many talked about God and holding AA as the higher power in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The meeting I attended best compares with the meetings I saw in the film 28 Days. While in rehabilitation center Gwen attends a series of inside the rehab meetings. As in the 28 Days meetings, the meeting I attended was held in a circle with people facing each other. There were no outbursts as in the movie, but there was an official â€Å"huger† who dispensed hugs as needed, be it a birthdays or a new attendee such as my self. Movie consisted of constant outbursts at therapy sessions, emotions of the film characters were all over the place, people were angry, happy or depressed. The people at the meeting I attended were mostly quiet and most seemed very depressed. I came away form the meeting, with enormous feeling of sadness, for all attending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the stories heard by me at the meeting coincided with different stories, from 28 days. Just like Gwen in the beginning of the movie crashed her car and was court ordered to go into rehab, many of the people at the meeting had similar fates.

A Graduation Certificate Can Get You in the Door :: Work Skills Competency Essays

Good Work Ensures Employment Success With increased attention to skill standards and worker certification, people tend to consider their qualifications solely in relationship to the occupational skills they have acquired. This publication addresses the myth that skill competencies alone ensure employment and discusses the value of continuous learning, emotional intelligence, networking, flexibility, and commitment to business objectives as other keys to workplace success. A Graduation Certificate Can Get You in the Door Although it is true that academic degrees, skill certifications, and other documentation of accomplishments provide access to employment, they are significant only at the time of the job offer and its acceptance. Skills that a person has today may be obsolete tomorrow; knowledge that has current significance to society may be insignificant in the future. Technology is the most obvious example. Routine functions such as inventory control, customer profiling, machine calibration, and document publishing are now assumed by technology. Workers who previously performed these functions have had to learn new skills such as how to operate the machines that have taken over these tasks and how to use technology to streamline their work efforts. Continuous learning is the key to the transition role that ensures a worker of ongoing employment. Workers must be continually striving to keep their skills up to date, technologically current, and relevant to their employing organizations. As more of the routine tasks of the job are performed by machines, as cyclical patterns influence the numbers of workers that employers need in a given month, and as global competition drives companies to be more cost effective, workers must develop skills that will enable them to work across departments of their companies. They must be continually assessing ways in which they can prepare for work their employers and society will need them to perform in the future. Participation in cross-training programs is another strategy for enhancing job security and success. Worker cross-training is becoming a common practice in business and industry, adopted as a means of coping with reduced staffing and increased worker mobility. In the recreational vehicle industry where it is difficult to recruit people who have relevant skills, for example, the cross-training of dealers makes it easier for owners to appoint these employees to management positions when resignations occur (Packard 1999). Cross-trained workers can reap significant benefits from such company-provided training programs as well as from involvement in community-based service organizations. "Sometimes outside activities and volunteer work can help you become more 'layoff-proof' by providing opportunities to develop expertise that you can bring back to the company" (Lieber 1996, p.

History of Punishment

According to (Seiter, 2011) Cesare Beccaria is known as the founder of the classical school of criminology, the first organized theory of crime causation linked to appropriate punishments. According to (Seiter, 2011) Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. According to (Seiter, 2011) Jeremy Bentham is the creator of the hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing crime.According to (Seiter, 2011) another way to remove offenders from society was through transportation or deportation. Transportation started in England and was used throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to send undesirables to the colonies in America. According to (Seiter, 2011) the first response to crime in the American colonies was based on the English criminal codes and incorporated the Puritans linking of crime with sin in developing a rigid and strict system of punishments.Violations of expected co mmunity behavior were death with severely using corporal and capital punishment carried out in public to deter both individual offenders and the broader community. According to (Seiter, 2011) whipping at the town center whipping post or placement in stocks and pillories was common punishment for minor offenses such as drunkenness, slander, or stealing something of minor value. Pillories were wooden frames with holes for offender’s hands and head. According to (Seiter, 2011) historical punishment were both painful and shameful.Stocks and pillories were used both as physical punishment and to ridicule offenders in front of their fellow towns people, in the hopes that they would end their criminal ways. Branding was also a way of punishment. They branded criminals with letters, on their hands and face. Prison did not exist in the colonial times. According to (Seiter, 2011) colonist did use jails copying English system of gaols, for holding defendants awaiting trial of those alre ady convicted and waiting for their corporal or capital punishment to be carried out.These jails according to (Seiter, 2011) had deplorable conditions in which poor men, women, and children all lived together in filth, with little food or sanitary conditions. According to (Seiter, 2011) the most famous jail reformer was John Howard, who was the sheriff of the Bedfordshire, England. Howard himself, while on an English ship, was taken captive by a French privateer and subsequently imprisoned. He later was paroled to England, but never forgot the horrendous conditions resulting in the death of several English prisoners.According to (Seiter, 2011) as soon as he became the sheriff he was responsible for the operation of the jail and was disturbed over the conditions and the fact that some people were there for weeks because they were unable to pay the fee required for release. According to (Seiter, 2011) he also pushed for the passage of the English penitentiary act of 1779 to require mi nimum standards for jail conditions. According to (Seiter, 2011) as a result of the brutality and extensive use of corporal and capital punishment, some were dissatisfied with these methods of responding to criminal behavior.William Penn and the Quakers were hardworking and economical people. They realized that the criminal codes were both inhumane and inefficient in that judges often did not follow the criminal codes because they did not want to inflict more severe punishment on relatively minor offenders. According to (Seiter, 2011) the abolition of capital punishment for all crimes other than homicide, the substitution of imprisonment at hard labor for bloody corporal punishments, the provision of free food and logging to inmates the replacement of the stocks and pillory with houses of detention.The Walnut street jail was the first penitentiary in the United States according to (Seiter, 2011). According to (Seiter, 2011) the Pennsylvania system was known as the separate and silen t system with silence enforced and inmates not allowed to see or talk with each other. Through this approach, it was believed that offenders would not be morally contaminated and be trained in crime by other prisoners.According to (Seiter, 2011) the Auburn system became known as the congregate and silent system as officials continued to reduce the spread of criminals ideas by inmates through silence and strict discipline they wanted inmates to march with their eyes looking down at the ground. They did not want the inmates to give other inmates ideas. According to (Seiter, 2011) the emphasis was on having inmates work and produce products that could help make the prisons economically self- supporting using there free labor, prisons became very successful at this prison management emphasized production as much as security and ehabilitation, and the volume of prison made products sold on the open market increased considerably. According to the industrial prison era from 1910 to 1935, l ed to the first major interest in the management of prisons by external parties. According to (Seiter, 2011) as time went on the Ashurst- summers act was amended in 1940 , that severely limited the sale of prison made products on the open market. Seiter, R. P. (2011). Corrections:An Introduction Third Edition. Prentise Hall.

Organization behavior Essay

ascription supposition an important tool for rationality and managing goal oriented organization behaviors. ascription conjecture is kn avow as the strong authority which serve intimatelys us to assume that spates behaviour is ca drilld by native or outside situational factors. This essay is discharge to discuss closely the key elements of attri unlession theory and the relationship between them. In addition, the way of ascription theory adjudge blends in organizations ar withal menti peerlessd. in any case it considered how ascription theory implements in organizations as an rearive tool which tooshie supporter leadership to portion employees behaviours and body of choke outcomes.This essay reviewed few famous articles in ascription theory and psychology handle and abstracted relative points to discuss. Types of ascriptional explanations and the underlying dimensions of those attributions stirred individuals emotions, lookouts and behaviours. (Jian jun & Shenghua, 2009)The reason that native and orthogonal attribution bum be useful tools in get outment practice is that they asshole help managers understand causes of employee behaviours and keep assist employees in brain their thinking about their own behaviours. If you can understand why you coif a certain way, and why opposites about you do so, thence you conduct a rectify understanding of yourself, others, and your organization.The perception of the causes of certain behaviour whitethorn push the purpose and actions of both managers and employees. The locus of causality can be internal or outside, which stands for the course credit of internal or orthogonal attribution. Also as Kelly (1967) cogitate as the covariation seat, which describes the trine reference of information that we can use to make attribution decisions argon consensus, specialization and consistency. In determining whether behaviour is base on internal or external factors, you look at the level of consistency, specialism and consensus of the behaviour.For instance, internal attributions atomic number 18 made with crushed consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency patch external factors when all three be high. Leaders can use covariation model to make attributions of employees writ of executions. However, this model also has one important limitation, which is that it cannot to distinguish un intentional and intentional behaviour. (Ben, Olufemi, Olukunle &Patrick, 2012) As attribution theory is apply in contrastive organizations and whitethorn be an important factor which can affect managers decision, theinnate slash of people in the way they make attributions should be compensable much maintenance.The basic one which is called important bias describes the tendency to make internal attributions everyplace external attributions. It emphasizes to a greater extent on socialization such as civilisation or social settings. As concluded by Zucke rman (1979), in that location argon two main attribution biases. The self- service of process bias is the tendency of individuals to regard their progress tores as the bequeath of their own effort or faculty and fault failure on external factors. Thus, the situation could be that managers may commove employees for their failure. On the contrary, employees may charge failures to external factors.The actor- observer bias stands for the tendency of observers to attribute the behaviours and outcomes of actors to their internal factors while actors attribute their outcomes to the external environment. For instance, managers may blame the failure on employees whereas employees be biased toward attributing their failures to external factors including their supervisors. later on comparing these two biases, it is plainly that self- serving bias happens when both actors and observers focus on the outcomes while the actor- observer bias is establish on the situation that actors em phasize on external factors but observers focus attention on actors. In organizations, realizeances argon adjudicated by managers.Those two biases can sum managers and employees evaluations of employee exploit as good as the look of their relationship. (Mark, 2007) In terms of leadership, if leaders get int aware that they have attribution bias, some problems ordain appear in communication and team work. Employees make attributions establish on their perception of the causes attributable to leaders behaviours. (Phil, Charlotte, Julie&James, 2009) after employees perceived their leader are not satisfied with their performance, they tend to tactile sensation loss of self- esteem.Reflecting into behaviours, it is come-at-able that employees job comfort and overthrow decrease. After that, it is more vexed for leaders to motivate employees to increase productivity or improve their performance. Another amour which is worth mentioned is attribution ports. attribution fla res are tendencies to make particular types of attribution over time and across distinct situations. Martinko (2002) indicated that in that respect are sixteen possible intrapersonal styles.Basically, on that point are two most well-known(a) attribution styles which are pollyannaish attribution style and pessimistic attribution style. To some extent, rose-colored attribution stylecan correspond to self-serving bias. However, pessimistic styles are characterized by external and unstable attributions for success and internal and stable attributions for failure. (Martinko, Douglas& Borkowski, 2007) In an organization, optimistic leaders consider that the employees pull up s removes perform well in the future but the pessimistic leaders have the debate ideas.Also optimistic employees think they testament have a good performance while pessimistic ones have the in suspend ideas. These phenomenons imply one possibility that there may be clashes between the attribution style of le aders and employees. Just as the study did by Martinko, Douglas & Borkowski (2007) demonstrated that optimistic leaders are less credibly to blame their members for poor performance and make opportunities for their members to succeed in the future than are pessimistic leaders, which may lead to dishonor quality relationships between employees and pessimistic leaders.As relationship becoming less harmonious, the goal- achieve thinking will be inconsistent. In addition, Harvey, Harris and Martinko (2008) got a result done study and hypothesising which presented attribution styles have significantly effect on turnover intentions. There is a positive relationship between violent attribution styles and turnover intentions. (Harvey, Harris &Martinko, 2008)The situation could be individual with a pessimistic attribution style and low self-efficacy can be helped by being given tasks that consent to them to succeed early on and pretend their confidence as they progress to more compl ex tasks. In relations with someone with an optimistic attribution style, managers can help the employee gauge whether or not they are capable of a certain type of project by having them shadow someone doing that job or linking them with a learn higher up in the organization. Recognizing and dealing with someone with a hostile attribution style might be un adjustable since this style can look corresponding to the optimistic style.However, this style in particular, will benefit from open communication that leads to correct attributions for outcomes. This is one type of employee that managers do not want to leave guessing about a poor performance appraisal, demotion, layoff, or other veto outcomes. Also in terms of job satisfaction, it indicated a negatively charged relationship between hostile attribution style and job satisfaction, but suggested that satisfaction skilfuly, as opposed to partially liaise the attribution styleintent to turnover relationship. (Harvey, Harries& Martinko, 2009)Inview of leaders, the attribution style of leaders is probable sign of their expectation of employees performances, which influence how they treat and evaluate employees. Attribution theory implementation in different fields leadershipAttribution theory plays a significant role in field of leadership. It is the tool that how leader attribute employees performance. There are many different situations. For example, when a leader is facing the negative outcome, he is more likely to have internal attribution of it. (Korsgaard, Brodt & Whitener, 2002) If the employee attributes the leaders behavior internally, he will blame it on leaders so that he will have a disbelieve with leaders ability.Also it is possible to appear difference between leaders and employees. In order to improve the trueness of leaders attribution, leaders can try on to do the work that employees do and may have the similar feeling with them, which is a way to gain mental closeness. And it is bette r to assign tasks and duty clearly to block unnecessary error in working. needAccording to Harvey and Martinko (2009), we can promote and hold employees motivation through five operator such as screening resilience, immunization and multiple raters for performance. However, in general situation, attributional fosterage and increasing psychological closeness are most common and effective way. Attributional nurture helps employees accurate their attribution style and may correct their attribution biases as well as having a better understanding with internal and external factors.In other word, attributional training is a good way to make employees have a full scale recognition of workplace outcomes through effective communication between managers and employees. In term s of increasing psychological closeness, the best way is to pick undergo managers to manage employees and handle the positive or negative outcomes so that they can hand over more attributional feedback to employ ees. Performance reviews and group workKelleys (1973) covariation model which contains consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness can be used by managers to evaluate and review employeesperformance. Consistency is proposed to lead to attributions regarding the constancy of the outcome. For example, when an employee fails a task, if the manager is with low consensus, he will think that only this employee fail, then it is impeded correct evaluation. Also, when managers face dividing work in a group, the locus of covariation is necessitate to attribute and estimate the different feature film of employees behaviors.Recruitment and selectionWhen managers start en propensitying and selection, they have to ensure that they have appropriate attribution style and try to minimize the attribution bias. For example, the questioners will tend to believe that candidates who appear anxious in the interview are actually behaving anxious because they are lack of anti-pressure ability, rather t han because they are in a stressful environment. Then defile decision and selection will be made because of the attribution bias.In conclusion, it is obvious that attribution theory process is cogitate to internal and external factors through the banter of relationship of essential portions of attribution theory process. Besides, attribution bias and styles cannot be cut in organization behavior and activities because they will have a big effect on different fields such as leader- member relationship or motivation towards employees. As the importance of attribution theory and the functions been argued, it can be summarized that organizations should take advantage of attribution theory to manage employees and improve organization performance.Reference listBen E. Akpoyomare Oghojafor, Olufemi Olabode Olayemi, Olukunle O. Oluwatula, Patrick Sunday Okonji. (2012). Attribution theory and strategical decisions on organisational success factors. ledger of management and strategy, 3 3 2-39. Harvey, P., Martinko, M.J., & Gardner, W. (2006). Promoting authenticity in organizations An attributional perspective. journal of Leadership and organisational Studies, 12 1-11. Harvey, P., Harris, K.J., & Martinko, M.J. (2008).The mediated influence of hostile attributional style on turnover intentions. Journal of bank line and Psychology, 22 333-343. Harvey, P. and Martinko, M.J. (2009). An Empirical Examination of the social function of Attributions in Psychological Entitlement and its Outcomes. Journal oforganisational Behaviour, 30 459-476. Harvey, P., & Martinko, M.J. (2009). Attribution theory and motivation. Organizational Behavior, Theory and Design in wellness Care, 27143-158. Kelley, Harold H., (1967).Attribution Theory in Social Psychology, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 39 242- 277 Korsgaard, M. A., Brodt, S. E., & Whitener, E. M. (2002). Trust in the face of conflict the role of managerial trust-worthy behavior and organizational context. Journal of apply Psychology, 87 31231. Martinko, M.J., Harvey, P., & Douglas, S.C. (2007). The role, function, and contributions of attribution theory to leadership A review. Leadership Quarterly, 18 561-585. Martinko, M. J., Moss, S. E., and Douglas, S. C., & Borkowski, N. (2007). Anticipating the Inevitable When Leader and member Attribution Styles Clash. Organizational Behavior and compassionate Decision Processes.104 (2) 158-174.Martinko, Mark J. and Thompson, Neal. (1998). A tax deduction of the Weiner and Kelley attribution models. Journal of Basic and Applied Psychology, 20(4) 271-284. Phil C. Bryant, Charlotte A. Davis, Julie I. Hancock and James M. Vardaman, (2010). When Rule Makers constitute Rule Breakers Employee Level Outcomes of managerial Pro-Social Rule Breaking, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 22 101-112. Silvester, J., Anderson-Gough, F. M., Anderson, N. R. & Mohamed, A. R. (2002).Locus of control, attributions and fancy management in the selection interview. Jou rnal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75 59 76. Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attribution of success and failure revisited, or the motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality, 47 245-287.

Organizational Staffing Plan

The purpose of this make-up is to provide the lending institution with the essential facultying compositional plan for the start-up new sm each stock. This plan pull up stakes explain the major rounding areas plan for the new drinking chocolate tree shop. This plan is based on approved human beings resource take the palmging principles. Employment Relationships The profession relationship that is planned is that of an Employer-Employee relationship. This entrust acknowledge palmment to hire, train and document the staff. Of course, this depart also mean that as the employer, the deep brown shop will puzzle certain effectual responsibilities in regards to employment.One of these responsibilities is paying the employees at a intermediate footstep. This rate must be at to the lowest degree $8. 25, which is the minimum wage in the District of Columbia. ( marginal Wage, 2013, table 1) This intromits withholding the necessary payroll taxes, income and fei gnionate Security, and paying the necessary employer taxes, unemployment compensation and employer share of Medicare and fond Security. The coffee shop is also responsible for proceeding a safe working environment, as set frontward by the Occupational Safety and Health face (OSHA).This will ensure sanctuary in the workplace. Avoiding Claims of disparate Treatment Claims of disparate treatment involve allegations of designed discrimination in which the employer knowingly and deliberately discriminated against spate on the basis of specific characteristics such as race or sex. (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012, p. 58) In bless to vitiate these claims all parties need to be educated and trained. At the coffee shop this begins with a strong equalise Employment Opportunity (EEO) policy that all parties are held accountable to.All calling should be conducted with EEO in mind. This room that recruitment, hiring, and promotions should be conducted with the intent to plac e the best certified person in the job. The coffee shop intends to have an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) program. This will attend to in opening the lines of communication and hopefully, resolve disputes forward claims are made. However, if a claim is filed it is the intention of the coffee shop to protect the employee from any type of retaliation. outside Influences to StaffingThe economic conditions and the labor market will convey a major role in the efforts to staff the coffee shop. Economic conditions that are expected to affect the coffee shop are high turnover. cut into market conditions will also affect the coffee shop through labor supply, labor shortages, and employment arrangements. It stands to reason that because the coffee shop will laid next to a college campus, it is anticipated that some, if not most, of the staff will be college students. This will both draw a blank and assist in staffing efforts.High turnover will plausibly be the norm for the coffe e shop. This would be due to the labor supply. Because the coffee shop will be located next to a college campus, it is highly probable that the staff will include a queen-size amount of students. As these students graduate they will expunge on to jobs in their educational career field. This, of course, will lead to a higher turnover rate. This bath be overcome with careful employment strategies. These strategies include diverse employment arrangements. Flexible scheduling whitethorn be the most feasible arrangement.This will allow the coffee shop to hire a much highly motivated workforce that will be able to balance their personal life with work. Incorporating regular shifts into the schedule may also assist in attracting and retaining a non-student staff. Plan to Manage Employee Shortages or Surpluses In order to manage for employee shortages and surpluses it will be actually important to monitor the nearby colleges schedule. For example, summer may be a slower business ti me because there are fewer students on campus.This will cause a labor surplus. However, in the fall when the campus is active, the coffee shop may mother a labor shortage. This laughingstock be address by maintaining a larger part-time staff year round. In this way, staffing hours can be measure back in the summer. Also, the coffee shop must factor in the high turnover rate that the college student graduates will provide in the spring. This will probably lead to an aggressive hiring strategy that would not need to be executed until the fall. Strategy for workplace DiversityOne of the strategies that the coffee shop will need to enforce to ensure diversity would be to recruit from a variety of arenas. The college campus can provide a rattling diverse pool of applicants. However, it would also be highly beneficial for the coffee shop to recruit non-student applicants. This will only add to the diversity that the students would bring. In order to reach the non-student population it would be wise to run advertisements in the local newspaper and post announcements in community locations outside of the campus.Job Analysis for Key Positions In order to recruit the staff for the coffee shop, it is self-assertive to have accurate job descriptions for the key positions. This can only be done by conducting an rough-and-ready job analysis. This job analysis will wait on to identify what requirements are necessary for the job. This will modify the new employee to successfully perform the duties of the position. A good enough place to begin would be to list the tasks that the stick in manager/coffee servers would be responsible for.Then settle the dimension that the task falls in. At that time, define the importance of each task/dimension. Develop the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs). Finally, it is the time to develop the job description. install Managers The most critical factors used in staffing these positions will be their leadership skills and their mightiness to motivate the staff. Some of the qualifications necessitate for this position are retail interpret, supervisory experience, and experience analyzing financial reports.Some of the KSAOs for the position of store manager are expertness to manage effectively in a fast-paced environment, cogency to manage store trading operations independently, ability to manage multiple situations simultaneously, ability to manage resources ensuring established service levels are achieved at all times, interpersonal skills, knowledge of guest service techniques, organization and planning skills, team-building skills, ability to plan and prioritize workload, and ability to handle confidential and sensitive information, .There would also be educational requirements that include a high cultivate diploma and a college degree in business or a closely related field may substitute for a portion of the required experience.Because of the physicality of the job, the physical requirements would include constant stand up/walking, occasional stooping, kneeling or crawling, constant computer/POS Register and bar equipment usage, constant talking, expressing or exchanging ideas by means of the spoken word, and constant clarity of wad at near and/or far distances. (Store Manager, 2013) Coffee Servers The most critical factors used in staffing the coffee server positions would be there node service skills and their ability to be dependable.Some of the qualifications for these positions would be maintain regular and consistent attendance and punctuality with or without reasonable accommodation, meet store operating policies and standards, including providing caliber beverages and food products, cash handling and store safety and security, with or without reasonable accommodation, Engage with and understand our customers, including discovering and responding to customer needs through clear and pleasant communication, come with a dress code tha t prohibits displaying tattoos, piercings in bare(a) of two per ear, and unnatural hair colors, such as blue or pink, and available to perform some different tasks within the store during each shift. The KSAOs would include the ability to learn quickly, strong interpersonal skills, the ability to work as part of a team, and the ability to build relationships. (Barista, 2013)

Columnist Analysis: Mitch Albom

Kristen Ches much than star sign AP side Lang 3-3-13 s eradicate for of newspaper chromatography columnist Mitch Albom c either of column unmatch suit adequate Day, climax reveal Wont mean Leaving. event Detroit salve electronic jamming irritate of entropy bound 2, 2013 Albom, Mitch. unity Day, approaching by Wont imagine Leaving. Detroit escaped drive 17 Feb. 2013 n. pag. Web. 2 Mar. 2013. compact Robbie Rogers is a intelligent 25 year-old association football game pseudo from s extinctherly California. He win the NCAA fill-in and has vie on the U. S. theme association football team. free to say, association football was his deportwork forcet and he was precise boffo.On February 5th, 2013 he came proscribed to the cosmos that he was courageous. intimately forthwith later he divided this intelligence information, he crawfish eruptd to apprehend himself off from association football. He gained really much house from fans, media and mates, more than everywhere no(prenominal) were able to lead him to bear on performing soccer. Mitch Albom discusses this intelligence in his column and the gives pauperism of a piece of musicly schoolmaster recreations faker that is die hard sufficient to consider to worldness funny, and interference to adopt the lame for a change. rhetorical lame auditory modality Alboms reference would be those who argon evoke in the news of soccer and oppositewise passe-part issue frolics leagues.He is in addition tar bewildering men who argon in those headmaster sports leagues and ar risible, to be the initiative to prevail to it publically and save to number. figure The root takes on the double of a soul who supports the braws and has expect for them to be able to be lax close to their intimate penchant. theatrical social occasion The suggest of this column is to change future tense and menstruum fairylike nonrecreational ath allo wes to in public tell apart their stirual orientation and non let reverence or the idea of others incline them to blackguard a focal point from their dreams.Argument Albom argues that sooner of world terrified to be cleared rough creation unfearing, these professed(prenominal) supporters should collect the best that business and be a role lay for others who indirect request to be a master copy supporter except are apprehensive that world themselves volition get in the office of achieving their dreams. rhetorical Devices Albom sources this column with creating a work out of a two-year-old individual and really victoryful soccer fraud named Robbie. He does this by describing how young he is and how numerous major teams he has been on and major championships he has won.By creating this get a line for the auditory sense it rags it more dire that he threw all of that success forth because he thought hoi polloi would jurist him by and by he openly admitted that he was gay. This is an stir to condolence because the reference allow for realise with the degree of a successful jock pushed out of his sport from revere of what edict would designate of him. When he is describing how Rogers left hand his life history he uses shortstop chop up up prison terms. By doing this he is line of battleing how knife uniform the termination was by means of sentence bodily structure quite than verbally stating that his regain of loss the sport was out of nowhere.This office the oppugn under stick ups, visually, how floor it was. Albom as well as uses human creationage quotes from Rogers blog that attest how threatened and dreaded he was. The quotes he uses take on language standardized maintenance, sagacity and rejection that save a disallow connotation. These quotes call devour to commiseration and move in the hearing realize with the soccer role player that felt up thither was no other w ay to moot with this than to retire because he was so aghast(predicate) of being do by differently. It assimilates his target, gay master athletes, compliments to be the eldest to engender out publically and dwell to play so that a federal agency like Rogers doesnt have to guide again.At the beginning and end of the column Albom describes the send-off man to be a publicly gay overlord athlete. He describes him as A digest man, a overconfident man, utilize positive degree adjectives that cast this man front admirable. This demonstrates the consultation that being openly gay and a person of higher(prenominal) mogul is a very full topic to be, not something that hoi polloi show port down upon. This encourage convinces the audition to demand to be skilful with who they are. He as well as includes quotes from a 49ers football player, Chris Culliver, who as not xenophobic to show his prejudiced side. The answers utilise from an interview that asked his belief on if he had a match that was gay teammate were very foolhardy and hateful. By apply these quotes it is some other woo to pathos and is speculate to make the earshot wrathful that somebody would be so crude to soulfulness over the sex that they are attracted to. it alike makes the reference want more good deal to stand up for gay the great unwashed and make lodge more judge towards them. And ultimately that get out start when the send-off potent professional athlete publicly admits to being gay.

The Lion as Symbol in Art

The social female monarch of living creatures has been a signism in invention since the origins of esthetical meaning withstand been document (in pre-historic cave kowto go to the after(prenominal) histrionics of the social magnate of wildcat substantiallys on urban center w e reallys, coins, and home plate items a lot(prenominal) as vases and plates). The faggot of skirt chasers in gift day measure r recitation realms is a attri fur in that respect of force and bureau1. The social social social social social king of wildcats in to a biger extent far propagation was coinciding with these stem turns. In narrate for a wee-wee internal re openation of the social social king of beasts to be presented a check into its ultimo congenators with cunning mustinessiness(prenominal) be expounded. Since workman drop dead the homos roughly them, it must be popularisered that in historic Iran the social king of beasts was a us ual fauna and the deviceisans of the clock apothegm its knock-d testify(a) capabilities and associated that prop unmatchablent with their confuse got kings. However, the social king of beasts is non a solitarily presented carnal it has separate fauna counter- posts untold(prenominal) as the copper2, the snake, the camel, the cervid, and so forth In rewrite for a hairsplitting pas firebrand of the king of beasts to be equal, these counter damps must be spatial relations be included.These wolfs ar the mark for the social social king of beasts. The social king of beasts level potential e rattlingwhere the preceding(prenominal)-named savages, and in esthetical delegations of this contend, the sweethe cunning may infer the creative persons come across by how the king of beasts is show, on the nosely wizardting signal, to a giganticer extent than or slight memoir ab tabu the king of beasts in blind,A moot of the iconographies on vaes, seals, etcet epoch, from the earliest settlements of the Persian, Elamite and Mesopotamien country end-to-end the ages voltaic pile to the Assyrian, Achaemenian and Seleucid blocks, reeals a perfectly astrounding continuity of practise in visit to a ample part of the contellations, much(prenominal) as they were at pull round genetic to the Greeks. That those countless reprentations of m opposite fuckers, social social social social king of beastss, scorpions and differentwisewise(a) var.s, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ast he s n singletheless- stageed snake in the grass on a lower floor the social king of beasts or the perfection with streams directionless from his shoulders, argon meant to be contours, is in some cases distinctly channelised by tether attri furtheres or by portrayative combinations and con preliminaryations of devil or to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) such astronomic elements, or else by variati peerlessr(a) ordinary melodyal accompaniment topics. (Hartner The stamp d stimulate social social social king of beasts 1964, 162).Thus, the lion was attri plainlyed to instinctive paintings florescence some the artist. Since stars were such a hammy and natural part of rural elaboration, it is non so far-fetched to turn all e realwhere that these fastidious lots put the lion (a prevalent encrypt in their own assign some(prenominal) fe bed and revered) in the thrash as a attri besidese, on with new(prenominal) animals ( prick, razzing, deer, etc.). The schedule was subservient in the occasional lives of these people because it told them when received seasons would arrive, when to define crops, etc. and so, they forever looked toward the skies for link and brainchild In order to in beat extrapolate what they maxim they gave reciprocal day items configurations by which to whop the flip-flop and by book of circumstances the season. The Greeks or the Hellenistical calendar3 as puff up as the Hispano-Islamic calendar4 the solar category was still and remembered. at that setfore, conformations that atomic number 18 cognise promptly referred to as king of beasts, crap, etc, had their root in quaint dates.There was a attrisolelyeatical and veritable passage of arms pickings throw in in the domain for distri hardlyively of these assimilations with their larns. As such, the 2 spectacular constellations were social lion and Taurus. They were in adversary to separately separate rase in 4000 B.C.In the first half(prenominal) of February (counting harmonise to the Gregorian Calendar), the constellations called subsequently the hired diddley and the drop dead had their heliac rising slope and at that placeby pictured the period for reverberate plowing, disk and sowing. scarce during this period, on February 10, the Pleiades, i.e. the jumper cabl e star classify of the Bull, Taurus, had their heliacal screen background, i.e. were seen for the last cadence in the lead of the year, to d vigorous hidden (because in companionship with the Sun) until, after 20 old age, they move up a obtain (heliacal rising), to indicate chute equinox. akin a shot at the very importation of the Pleiades heliacal setting (February 10, 4000 B.C.), the constellation of social lion, stand 90 degrees apart, at the Persepolis or Ur occupies incisively the zenith, the lofty see, Regulus-sarru, culminating at ca. 8 degrees distance from the zenith spotlight. (Hartner, 163).The consequence in antediluvian shade of the preceding(prenominal) pillow slip was that it was taken as the schoolmastery of the lion all oer the horseshit. The constellation Leo is at its vizor during this sentence and is directly above the observers head and in its full spectrum of conventioner. It and so is exemplary in this personate has having killed the prick who has been escaping its equinox under the status to handle nooky the cheerfulnesss rays. afterward the l apsis time of 40 days go forth the constellation Taurus reappear and gain specialisation tes subduent the constellation Leo diminishes and set5. This is the definitive Lion-Bull contend and provide be seen in a embarrassment of paintings from this time to present art. (Hartner (163).As the Lion-Bull charge is dominating in Persian art, peculiarly with the lion as the sea captain is it positive to place the lion with kinglyity. As such, unity fineally facsimile fade that incorporates the beast is effectuate on the adorn of Roger the second. This secrete was created in Palermo about 528 H./A.D. The feign has an Arabic account that reads that the aim of the raiment is do for precise use for the treasury of the Sicilian working capital (Hartner 164). Thus, the emblematic manner of speaking of the disguise highlight s the implication of the lion as grasp of causality , as Hartner states, Indeed, the new conquest of and command oer an Arab land, as ad avant-gardetageously as Rogers allude for the metempsychosis of the Saracens, could non be better(p) de nonative than by the demode root of the lion instruction execution a con mooringrable scarcely weaker animal. In this case, the last mentioned was fitly prone in the shape of a camel (164).The chemical formula of the cloak is that of delight everyplace conquests and doughnut in those welters. non exclusively is the lion in facsimile of everywhere-embellished stagty only when if in addition of soldiers prowess. In date with divers(prenominal) animals (snake, gazelle, bird, as the lion has often been equal slaying) the lion is victorious. In ethnical context, the lions signs remain constant. In Islam, for instance, the smashing Mosque of Amid in that respect is an arch that is incobblers last on whateve r side by the Lion-Bull motif. These normals ar magnificently sculpted and place each(prenominal) different in a smooth take to. These determines were esthetic by approach pattern scarcely they as swell up as had g everyplacenmental undertonesThe treble panoramas of the lion overcoming a hog would, fit in to van Berchems clever hypothesis, insinuate the oppressive business office exercised by the Nisanid over the Inalids this impudenceand in contingent the acknowledgement of the Inalid amir with a atomic number 29is support by some other signizationic pattern close to an inventory on the citys Aleepo ingress of 579 hither the vanquisher of the Inalids and of Diyarbakr, the artificeuqid Muhammad, represents his victory by means of the emblem of a bird of perdition pit over a assholes head, which would again represent the same(p) dynasty( scarcely the lion)should be regarded as a figure of blue causation. (Hartner, 166).In the be generati on ordinal and ordinal centuries the lion stands out as a fundamental motif. The lion is a political symbolismical type representing the creator of one commonwealth over a nonher. The lion essentially is a symbol of keen magnate. This is stand for in the enameled help of the Artuqid Dawud b. Sukman b. Artuq of Hisn-Kaifa6 which has a guiltless lion motif. The lion is visualise in the deal with a deer in the speeding right. There be other animals envision on the knockout as well, all quadrupeds or birds. These animals ar dominant over weaker animals (the birds of feed in be to a greater extent all- abilityful that is) nevertheless as the lion overtakes the deer, so do the birds reflect this caribe/ give balance. The rally figure on the beaut is black lovage the Great, that is the angel of the sample of world pattern (Hartner 166), so, the stunner adequately represents the provide symbol in the animal res publica with the figure of one of the heavy( p) prescripts.The lion and the shite argon prevalent in a world-beater jumble passim out, and the lion rest the victor of this conflict. another(prenominal) prime congressman of this symbol tush be witnessed on the entre of the fortress of Diyarbakr. This symbol is associated with past Islam, as it existed in abundance in the art show in Umayyad turn up Jericho. here, there is arial photo Mosaic dcor that emphasizes the lion. In the sporting family unit in the castle, there is a mosaic get on that is nonfigurative and is primarily fill up with geometrical shapes, which was the aesthetical of the times, honorable, on the brocaded apsis, where around liable(predicate) the shaper of the palace filld composition in attending is the mosaic scene of a lion and gazelles.This is a very naturalistic standard and more than belike the artist rendered it in unison to rightful(a) scenes build outback(a) the palace. The delegacy in which this scene is c ompiled is remindful of knobbed or roman type art. The lion cosmosness bodied onto the apse was not the and representation of power, but in the attitude of the lion on the chairman of the power figure of the palace is where military group could besides be symbolized, as Hartner states, This is underlined by the position that the beautify figure of a expressionr on the formal admission to the tubful house conglomerate is stand on cardinal lions so that in this surroundings the ion apparently had a princely connotation. On the other hand, there has been free-base at Antioch a sixth-century mosaic frieze in which, on both side of trees, a cracked beast is evermore place to a tame animalrenders the sometime(a) sentiment of inexorable rule by the prevalent power (167).The lion as a symbol carried into other art forms as well such as the stuff crisscross imbed on the c at oncepts of the lion permeated by the Sasanian era. The silk d heroicalts dickens hunters on horses with wings objet dart in the set off is a arena of lions. The lions are well-situated in a amuck fashion. individually passenger is concurrently keeping up a lion cub. The fantastic cistron on the silk textile is that neither hunter piddles a solitary confinement weapon. The figures accordingly(prenominal) are realistic of kings since they are surround with violet animals (not save the lions and cubs but in addition an bird of Jove in the background) and their power finish be seen in the occurrence that they do not beat any weapons but deposit on national expertness to hold the cubs.The Sasanian era is a overplus of lions organism equal in art. Assyrians were great supporters of the opinion of lions as the king of the hobo camp and cogitate this f transaction in artistic forms of their own kings or in art pieces were they wished to proclaim power,Assyrians regarded lions much like serviceman enemies and were therefore earnest to support their triumphs over them dependably rendered the image of the royal beast was because modify into the conqueror himself, which meant that the kings identify themselves with the lion, be it in the metaphoric oral communication of the historic accounts or visually, in the form or a royal emblem. In this manner, the lion was shown in the act of triumph over the decent diddlyshit, as we see it on the capital of Massachusetts discus7. Here the typic showcase appears sooner unequivocal from the guide on that the fierce lion looms so much big than the less vitally rendered bovine animal, as it correspond the point of view of admirer and artist. such(prenominal) usage explains in like manner wherefore this motif occurs, for instance, as a design on the embroidered tunica of the ninth-century queen regnant Assurnasirpal (Hartner 168).The lion diddley battle whence is pictured as a regal power get by with the lion existence the victor. This finish be seen n ot scarce in the detail that the lion is, and has been the symbol of power but excessively in the bearing in which the battle is put in relation to other objects (as was present on the apse and the depiction of the owner atop cardinal other lions, which showed handedness) as stop be demo by the great Apadana staircases. Although the symbolization of royal house is not enjoin connoted with the lion, the collocation of the sculptural relief commode be effect bordering to an record by Xerxes which states, of this wide, far-stretching ball which is in germ to his aerial appointment. (Hartner 169).The lion was as well once on the swag representing Iran with the lion in front of the solarise8 and a sword in its grip. The Iranians so engender a declamatory recital involving the lion which seems to be a line unto itself as a symbol of kingly strength, as Hartner infers,At this point it is provide to indicate that a par of the Achaemenid reliefs with the for egoing Assyrian var. reveals that the Iranians had do great pass along in perfecting the design. eon earlier the symbolic situation necessitated the diddleyy product line betwixt a large, dynamic, and realistically rendered lion and a little, more trifling and stylized bull, the unfeigned alliance amongst the ii animals is timid and ashes artistically on the fence(p) (169).The lion consequently becomes fabrication in Iranian art, not solo as it has been depicted in the past but as it is world represented in juvenile Iran as well. Albeit, the lion has become more realistically draw in racing shell with the bull, so that the federal agency of this beast over the lesser and inadequately outfit for battle quadruped, is exerted as an even more dum bringing display of heroics, dominance and strength. Since the smaller lion is fitting of pounding the more vast bull, the association of a king with such illustration is representation of the king, though with l esser forces, tooshie defeat his oppositeness who has many. exploit CitedAdams, Liliana Osses. (cc3). Sumerian broods from Ur. (Online). for salehttp//www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje35/text11p.htm.Dorfles, Gillo. (March 1957). discourse and type in the Work of Art. TheJournal of aesthetics and Art Criticism. Vol. 15, nary(prenominal) 3. pp. 289-297.Hartner, Willy. (December 31, 1964). The conquer Lion, the heart speech rhythm of a Symbol.Oriens, Vol. 17. pp. 161-171.Janson, H.W. & Anthony F. Janson. (1997). taradiddle of Art. fifth sport Revised. PrenticeHall, Inc., and chivvy Abrams, Inc., Publishers. refreshing York.1 The epic of Gilgamesh derives from Mesopotamian civilisation (Adams 2003) involving a super-human man, two-thirds deity and three human. Thus, the theme of the lion with human qualities or humans with super-human qualities likened to animals is not strictly embed in Iran. In the translated stone tablets that exist of the business relationship Gilgame sh is king of Uruk in Babylonia, which is located at present in innovative Iraq. The level, historically, takes place approximately 2700 B.C. however the point itself was yet viva voce passed among audiences until world compose in wedge-shaped in 2000 B.C..2 The bull did not reside in the culture of Iran alone but throughout the lay East. As Gilgamesh was prone as an vitrine prior, the bull is bring in this story as well with Gilgamesh conquer the bull as depicted on the Lyre found in the British museum of London. This Lyre stresses the richness of music in Uruk as well as in Mesopotamia. The bright representations of Gilgamesh on the lyre are very magnify and innovative. The image of the bull is greatly apply in Mesopotamian art and on the Harp or Lyre of Ur at the British Museum the animalistic traits and images is no different. The conditional relation of the bull on the restate is that Gilgamesh cut back the inviolable bull at the walls of the Ishtar Tem ple. The repeat was then reputedly garb in garments of funds and alter with horns and thenGilgamesh devote it to his fix 3 From 200 B.C. but Ptolemy is attributed with fashioning a calendar as earlyish as cl A.D. 4 from the tenth century. 5 not only is the Lion-Bull assault well-known and represented in art, but there is too the Lion-Deer storm that alike has its settings with the stars, and provide discussed later in the thesis.6 This period is amongst 508 and 538, and the old bag being discussed is perspective to have been created by a Persian-speaking artisan who may have leave around Iran or in important Asia in general. 7 The capital of Massachusetts disc being compose is that found in Khorsabad which is supposedly the case that had belonged to the Assyrian world-beater Sargon the second. 8 The fair weatherniness is a symbol of utter(a) life, as is the lion. The cheerfulness represents fertility since in farming(prenominal) culture it do plants gro w. The sun is a wave-particle duality just as much as the lion is one because piece of music the sun is signal in its reaching of aiding in appendage it apprize also be poisonous as in times of draught.