Identifying the Genetic Material

Frederick Griffith, a bacteriologist, was trying to grind away a vaccine against the pneumonia-causing bacterium, S. pneumoniae. A vaccine is a substance that is disposed(p) from killed or weakened microorganisms and is introduced into the body to protect the body against future befoulions by the microorganisms. Griffin worked with 2 types, or strains of S. Pneumonia. The first strain is enclosed in a ejection seat made of polyoses. The capsule protects the bacterium from the bodys defense systems this helps confuse the microorganisms virulent, or able to safari disease.Because of the capsule, this strain of S. Pneumonia grows as smooth-edged (S) colonies when with child(p) in a Petri dish. The second strain of S. Pneumonia lacks the polysaccharide capsule and does not cause disease. When grown in a Petri dish, the second strain forms rough-edged R colonies Griffith knew that mice infect with the S bacteria grew sick, and died, while mice infected with the R bacteria were not harmed. To determine whether the capsule on the S bacteria were causing the mice to die, Griffith injected the mice with shortly S bacteria. The mice remained healthy.Griffith and wherefore prepared a vaccine of weakened S bacteria by raising their temperature to a point at which the bacteria were heat-killed meaning that they could no longer reproduce ( the capsule remained on the bacteria). When Griffith injected the mice with heat-killed S bacteria, the mice still lived. Thus, Griffith knew it was not the capsule on the S bacteria that killed the mice. He then mixed the righteous live R bacteria with the harmless heat killed S bacteria. Mice injected with this mixture of previously harmless preparations died.When Griffith examined the blood of the on the spur of the moment mice, he found that the live R bacteria had required polysaccharide capsules. Somehow, the harmless R bacteria had changed and became virulent S bacteria. Griffith had discovered what is outright called t ransformation, a change in phenotype cause when bacterial cells take up strange genetic material. But the cause of the transformation was not known at the time.Averys experiments An elegant series of experiments showed that the activity of the material esponsible for transformation was not touch by protein-destroying enzymes, but the activity was stopped by a desoxyribonucleic acid- destroying enzyme. In this way, al closely 100 years after Mendels experiments were performed, Oswald Avery and his co-workers, biologists at the Rockefeller Institute, in NYC, present that DNA is the material responsible for transformation. DNA had the instructions for the making of the capsule in the S strain of S. Pneumonia. III. Hershey and Chase Show that Virus Genes ar Made of DNA.Scientists knew that proteins were important to many aspects of cell structure and metabolism, so most of them suspected that proteins were the genetic material. They also knew very little about DNA, so they could not imagine how DNA could carry genetic information. A. Viruses reveal DNAs reference Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase, performed an experiment that settled the controversy. It was known at the time that viruses, which were much simpler then cells, are made of DNA ( or sometimes RNA) surrounded by a protective protein coat.Bacteriophage, also referred to as phage are viruses that infect bacteria. It was also known that when phage are able to produce much viruses, which are released when the bacterial cells rupture. Hershey and Chase knew that the only molecule in the phage that contained phosphorus was its DNA. Likewise, the only phage molecules that contained sulfur were the proteins in it coat. Hershey and Chase used these differences in chemical composition to carry out the experiment.Steps T2 phages were grown with E. coli bacteria in a nutrient medium containing either 35S or 32P E. oli were infected with either 35S- or 32P- labeled phages. The infected E. coli were mixed and th en spun. Each layer was tested for radioactivity. The 35S label was found only in the upper layer containing the viruss parts. The 32P label was found mostly in the demean layer containing the E. coli. Upon infection, the phages protein coat falls away. They inject their DNA into the E. coli, causing the E. coli to happen upon more viral DNA and proteins. These important experiments, and many others since, have shown that DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in living cells.